psych140

Approximately how long does it take families to adjust, following a divorce?

2 years

What is the age range for Piaget's Preoperational stage?

2-7

Baby fat usually peaks at ________ months of age.

9

Self-reflection: What are your views of why ADHD diagnoses and rates of childhood obesity have increased? What are the solutions?

ADHD diagnoses have increased due to modern day technology and the instant response systems we have causing us to be more impatient. I also believe it could be due to nurture from adhd parents. Obesity has increased in America due to easy access to food and negative behavioral patterns

Zeke's father is a volleyball coach and Zeke grew up wanting to play volleyball. In fifth grade, he asked his father to show him how to play and teach him basic skills. By the time that he reaches junior high, he's skilled enough to make the varsity volleyball team. What type of genotype-environment interaction best explains Zeke's sports success?

Active

What are the two courses of juvenile delinquency? What are Garbarino's recommendations for how to help troubled boys?

Adolescence-limited and Life-course persistent. Some recommendations include: encourage and teach empathy, shelter boys from abuse as well as harmful media, encourage spirituality and meaning in life. See the website link for more ideas. Limited adolescence- common, engage in delinquency but become more responsible in adulthood. Life course persistent- problematic and reflect troubles that happened before adolescence (angry child at risk of being angry adult)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observations? Describe one advantage and one disadvantage.

Advantage- See how child reacts normally in its' own life Disadv- Hawthorne Affect

Alex recently moved to a new middle school and doesn't feel like he fits in with any of the cliques. Few kids know his name, and most people ignore him. By the end of the year, not much has changed. Marcus, however, has attended this middle school for many years. He is frequently picked on by bullies, although he in turn picks on other children. What would be the most appropriate peer status label for Marcus, and then for Alex?

Alex is in the Neglected peer status while Marcus is in the Rejcted peer status due to being picked on by bullies which then causes him to pick on others. This causes him to be activly disliked by what I would say at this point is the majority of kids. Marcus: controversial. Alex: Neglected.

Choose one of the following answers: Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa OR Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa. Who is more likely to be perfectionistic?

Anorexia Nervosa

What are the health consequences of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

Anorexia nerousa- heart failure, malnutrition, death Bullimia, heart issues, gastrointestinal issues as well

a. Teenagers in a study are interviewed regarding who are the most popular peers in a grade. b. A researcher is studying a group of Baby Boomers to see whether, as they age, they become increasingly religious. c. Shayla's children participated in a research study from the time that they were in preschool until they reached middle school.

Answer 1:Correct!cross-sectional Answer 2:Correct!longitudinal Answer 3:Correct!longitudinal

Is food aversion an example of Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning? Explain why. (3 points)

Answers need to indicate the following: -food aversion is based on an association between the nausea-inducing substance and the food, -Classical Conditioning, and not Operant Conditioning, is an example of associative learning.

What was B.F. Skinner's position on free will? Be specific and thorough in your answer. Where does he therefore fall on the nature/nurture debate?

Answers need to indicate the following: -there is no free will, -all behavior is due to conditioning, -we only think it's free will because we can't see what causes the behavior, -fully on the nurture side.

Create profiles of teens who exemplify each of the identity statuses. To do so, choose some aspect of identity (such as vocational identity, ethnic identity) to address and flesh out a scenario for the teen.

Answers will vary, but here is an example of an Identity Achieved teen, showcasing vocational identity in this profile:Tony always wanted to be an astronaut as a kid, but in high school he became more interested in biology. After talking with his high school biology teacher and reading all he could on the topic, he decided to pursue marine biology. In college, Tony continued to pursue this interest and is now working on an internship that he hopes will help him achieve his ultimate career goal.

What is the recommended treatment for ADHD?

Behavioral therapy and medication (Ritalin)

You learned how development is multidimensional. Now, try to create brief definitions of the following dimensions: biological, social, emotional, cognitive.

Biological dimension: physical changes going on in the body. -external influences (for instance, drugs, healthful behaviors) influence biology and vice versa. Social dimension: how does the individual change in his/her social interactions with others? Emotional dimension: how does the individual change in how she/he regulates and experiences emotion? Cognitive dimension: how does the individual change in the way he/she thinks?

Which of the following accurately describes Discovery Learning?

Children learn by actively exploring—emphasis on hands-on learning

According to Piaget, what cognitive gains are made during the Concrete Operational Stage?

Conservation, seriation, and logical thinking.

What can parents do to increase the likelihood that children will cope optimally with a divorce? Provide two suggestions, based on the module.

Continue good parenting practices, provide warm parent-child interactions.

What does it mean that development is multidirectional?

Development involves both improvement and decline. Specific terms, such as growth, aging, and maturation reflect the multidirectional nature of development.

Professionals in health, psychology, and education all have a vested interest in human development. This illustrates the feature of development being multi _______________.

Disciplinary

What is the recommendation for diagnosing ADHD?

Families should seek a psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician with expertise in ADHD.

In the module, you read an APA article on early puberty. It discussed the difficulties of early puberty in terms of: -fitting in with peers -experiencing social pressures -the role of unstable environments -recommendations for helping with pubertal transitions Choose three of the above areas, and: 1) Summarize what the article says about each area and 2) Describe in detail your reaction to what the article said about this area.

Fitting in with peers- Teens will feel obligated to do the same as their peers. I agree and have experienced this and learned from mistakes in the past. Experiencing social pressures- Teens will pressure other teens to engage in delinquint and sexual activities. This is easily seen in highschool when younger kids are trying to act cool infront of people they look up to. Role of unstable environments- Unstable environments lead to bad decisions in early puberty. Unstable environments can be dangerous and lead to living in fear of tomorrow which can influence early decisions.

Identify which of the following identity statuses would best describe the individual, in terms of occupational identity: Identity Diffusion, Identity Moratorium, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Achieved. Julian decided to major in music in college because his father is a musician.

Identity Foreclosure

Compare and contrast physical growth in early and middle childhood.

In the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, we see development beginning with the head in infancy and early childhood. By middle childhood, major growth can be seen in additional areas; namely, height and weight. The child becomes more proportional in terms of head to full body ratio. In the proximodistal pattern of growth, gross motor skill development occurs in early childhood, while fine motor skills are more readily gained in middle childhood.

Describe the pendulum problem.

In the pendulum problem, Piaget would test students' success at thinking logically and systematically through what causes a pendulum to swing more rapidly. The adolescents are expected to come up with a hypothesis and then systematically test it.

Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity-Impulsivity:Daydreams and moves slowly.

Inattention

Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Describe the Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional levels, being sure to focus on the key features of each stage. Then, choose one of these levels and provide a detailed example of a specific child reasoning at that level. Be sure to focus on the why behind the child's reasoning, just like Kohlberg did. Finally, Kohlberg's theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons. Describe one of these reasons. Then, indicate whether you think that this critique is valid, and explain why or why not.

Kholbergs Theory of Moral Development is that a child goes through three stages of intuitive thought arranged from external to internal. Those are... 1-PreConventional- Punishment vs Reward stage where child thinks about what will happen to them if they do something. self focused (external reasoning) 2-Conventional- Child thinks about fairness and following the law/rules, child also gets very mad when others don't follow rules. This is focused on others. (inbetween external and internal reasoning). 3-Post Convensional- Child uses conscience, the certain situation and child is focused on what they think is right or wrong.

What are common symptoms of adolescent depression?

Lack of interest in doing things they enjoy doing, isolation

According to most experts, what is the recommended treatment for ADHD?

Medication (Ritalin) and Behavorial Therapy

What purpose does myelination in the brains of young children serve?

Mylenation is when nueurons are insulated with a layer of fat which enhances processing speed between them.To speed synaptic transmission.

Eustace, a biologist, likely emphasizes [CHOOSE ONE: Nature/Nurture] when considering what primarily influences development.

Nature

Describe the four peer statuses and potential outcomes in adolescence and adulthood pertaining to each.

Popular children tend to be well-liked by their peers and are often socially skilled. These skills often continue into adulthood. Rejected children are actively disliked and some may engage in behaviors that encourage this dislike. Rejected children are at risk for a variety of problems in the future, such as drug use, aggression, and delinquency. Neglected children are largely ignored by their peers, but they may in fact be socially skilled. They seem to have similar outcomes as average children. Controversial children receive both positive and negative votes, and outcomes for these children tend to be mixed (some positive, some negative, depending on the child).

Describe all three levels of Kohlberg's moral development theory.

Preconventional reasoning emphasizes external control of moral behavior; for example, punishment and reward. Conventional reasoning focuses on social and societal rules governing behavior. Obeying parents and authority figures is what is right. Kindness and justice become key concerns at this level of reasoning. Postconventional emphasizes internal control of moral behavior, such as obeying one's conscience. This level of reasoning might also advocate breaking the rules in certain situations, as when an overriding principle is more important than the rule.

What are Primary Circular Reactions, according to Piaget? Be sure to describe this in sufficient detail. Also, what specific behaviors can be observed during this substage?

Primary circular reactions- child utilizes toys without experimenting and will shake rattle

Describe the following two social categories of children: Prosocial popular children and Antisocial popular children.

Prosocial Popular are lAleiked by many and have good communicational skills that will lead into adulthood. Antisocial Popular kids are liked but they use gossip and relational aggression to stay "popular".

Place the following prenatal events in order, from earliest to latest.

1. swallowing is possible 2. eyebrows form 3. responsive to light

Describe each of Baumrind's parenting styles. In your description, summarize the key features, indicating what responsiveness and demandingness look like in each parenting style. Just listing "low" and "high" levels of each feature for each parenting style is not a sufficient description. Be sure to also define "responsiveness" and "demandingness" in your answer. Then, give a detailed illustration of parents displaying each style. Be sure that your illustration showcases specific parents (you can even give pseudonyms if you'd like!) behaving according to each type of parenting style in everyday life. These illustrations should be distinct (separate) from your descriptions of the parenting styles.

Responsiveness- parents respond to childs emotions and wants in healthy way Demandingness- Parent sets childs schedule, tells them what to do and ignores childs input Authoritarion- low response-High demand -------- Parent Ex) Child is on parents set schedule Athoritative- High Response-High Demand ------- Parent Ex) Parent takes child's wants in to consideration for their schedule Permissive- High response-low demand ----------- Parent Ex) Child is allowed to do as they please neglectful- low response-low demand ------------- Parent Ex) Parent isn't involved in childs life ( red flag for abuse)

Name two subtypes of anorexia nervosa.

Restriction Subtype- use excessive excercise or excessive coloric deficit to meet their obsession with being thin Purging and binging subtype- they will purge and binge as well as use laxatives to meet their thinness obsession. They also meet the bmi of an anorexic person.

What are some immediate consequences of divorce?

Sharp drop in income (particularly in mother-headed households), increase in family conflict, and changes in parenting styles, among other consequences.

What type of study would best address the following question: What percentage of 20-year-olds say that they are going to vote in the next presidential election?

Survey

True or false? Most adults and adolescents never achieve Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, using Piaget's original methodology.

True

Why do modern researchers often find that young children are able to overcome some aspects of egocentrism at younger ages than Piaget had thought?

Understanding the task is key. Other methods than the Three Mountains Task are perhaps more understandable to young children and can result in decentered (less egocentric) responses.

He studied social and cultural influences on learning.

Vygotsky

This researcher viewed "nurture" over "nature" as the primary contributor to child cognitive development.

Vygotsky

For the age group listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud. 18 months- 3 years : _____________

anal

Thirteen-month old Jack is staying with a new babysitter until Mom and Dad return from a date. Jack was not upset when his parents left, and when they return, he basically avoids them. With what attachment style would Ainsworth most likely classify Jack?

anxious-ambivalent

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the best long-term outcomes?

authoritative

Choose one of the following answers: Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa OR Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa. Who is likely to be impulsive and abuse alcohol or other drugs?

bulima nervosa

In classical conditioning, a ______________ is the term for a learned response.

conditioned response

When presented with Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Ben says that Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and helping her shows his love for her. After all, Heinz probably vowed at his wedding to care for her "in sickness and in health;" he should do as he promised. Ben believes that people should keep their promises. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development?

conventional

Name 2 examples of typical "attachment behaviors" a securely attached infant might display when a parent leaves.

crying, searching for the parent, reaching toward the parent, and following the parent.

According to research, teens in which of Marcia's identity statuses are most likely to be apathetic about the future?

diffusion

Which attachment style (Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized) is thought to be associated with child abuse?

disorganized

Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Intimacy vs. Isolation?

early adulthood

True or false? Erikson advocated letting children initiate any activity and warned parents to never interfere lest a hint of guilt develop.

false

True or false? In early childhood and the beginning of middle childhood, boys tend to show more advances in fine motor skills compared to girls.

false

True or false? It is rare for social relationships for new parents to change following the birth of a child.

false

True or false? Regular infant sleep patterns can be observed from birth.

false

True or false? Two-year-olds weigh, on average, about 45 lbs.

false

For the age group listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud. Puberty through adulthood: ______________

genital

Which of the following is NOT an example of a secondary sexual characteristic? Growth of testes Growth of penis Growth of breasts Pubertal growth spurt

growth of penis

True or false? It is important to take someone seriously if they start talking about suicide.

i wonder

According to Erikson, unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in ____________of the world.

mistrust

Mia is a junior in high school and has not yet had her first period. Her seventeenth birthday is in three months. Based on this information, answer the following questions: Is Mia more likely or less likely to have a good body image compared to girls who experienced early menarche?

more

What are 2 biological reasons for why young children think inefficiently?

myelination and pruning not complete.

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the most negative long-term outcomes?

neglect

Describe gender differences in suicide patterns.

oys will use more lethal means and are more likely to commit while girls are more likely to attempt

In the Vygotskian model of learning, ____________ is when teachers adjust the level of support they give to students.

scaffolfing

According to Piaget, in which of the sensorimotor stage's substage do infants experiment with toys, such as by playing with an object in different ways?

tertiary Circular Reactions

True or false? According to Freud, a child who becomes fixated on an erogenous zone will either over- or under-indulge this area as an adult.

true

True or false? Children in early childhood as well as elementary school tend to associate with children of the same gender.

true

True or false? Food aversions are an example of natural conditioned reflexes.

true

True or false? Gender constancy is similar to Piaget's idea of conservation.

true

True or false? If a teratogen is introduced after a particular organ has formed, it may not have much of an effect on the structure of that particular organ.

true

True or false? Myelination can impact the way that children think.

true

True or false? Newborns typically sleep for 16-18 hours per day.

true

True or false? Piaget's estimation of the timing of achieving object permanence is now thought to be too pessimistic. Correct!

true

True or false? SIDS is a possible result from a mother smoking while pregnant.

true

True or false? Securely attached infants typically greet caregivers with happiness when the caregiver returns during the Strange Situation.

true

True or false? Sleep problems are a common side effect of ADHD medication. Correct!

true

rue or false? According to Erikson, some form of intimacy with another human being is important for healthy development. Correct!

true

This prenatal test depends on the use of soundwaves to develop and image of a baby.

ultrasound

This researcher was pessimistic about a child's abilities to learn by himself.

vygotsky

Why is parallel play an example of egocentrism?

They are focused on their own play rather than others, and when they talk they talk at people rather than with them.

Which Sensorimotor substage is characterized by experimentation with objects and may even interact with multiple objects: Primary Circular Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, or Tertiary Circular Reactions.

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Describe the cultural critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What is the issue? Be specific.

That culture and education play a huge role in cognitive development. The culture and education of a child can cause them to be much farther ahead than others and they could already be able to think abstractly.

Which of the following statements accurately reflect Piaget's impact on developmental psychology?

The impact was very strong, since he changed how researchers viewed and studied children's cognitive development.

Nathan has always been fairly well-behaved, but he suddenly begins shoplifting. His teachers feel that he's not focusing on his schoolwork like he used to—he seems distracted and restless. Instead of hanging out with his friends, he now keeps to himself. Is Nathan at risk for a suicide attempt? Why or why not?

The information presented shows he is depressed which is a sign of suicide. Due to his drastic behavioral change as well as him being impulsive and engaging in reckless behavior, I woud say he is at risk for a suicide attempt.

Why is lifespan development multidisciplinary? Is there a reason why various disciplines study lifespan development?

While lifespan development is relevant to many disciplines, it is particularly important to the health professions, education, and the social sciences. For each of these professional fields, an understanding of the issues and complexities of specific age groups is key to helping people. In addition, it is important to study the whole person—for instance, health, thought processes, and emotions—since each type of development affects the others. One cannot have a good handle on how to promote healthy behaviors in a client without knowing at least a little about adaptive and maladaptive emotional states. On the other hand, without some understanding of the biological underpinnings of emotions, professionals may be misguided in the decisions they make as they attempt to help.

Recently, a teen begins acting like she's never hungry. When she gets home from school, she heads up to her room, closes the door, and lies on her bed for hours. She doesn't return her friends' calls. When her parents try to get her to do the things she used to enjoy doing, she says she's too tired. Is she at risk for a suicide attempt? Why or why not?

Yes due to her isolation, somewhat perfectionist tendencies and disintrest in things she enjoys. She is depressed and at risk for an attempt.

Do individuals with anorexia nervosa engage in purging behaviors? Explain.

Yes in the second subtype of Anorexia Nervousa, purging/binging they do engage in similiar behaviors as someone with bullimia but have a drasticly low BMI that is found in anorexic people.

How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender?

Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household.

Describe the "use it or lose it" principle of brain development. What does this principle suggest for how to promote optimal development?

Your brain will use neural pruning as an infant to decide what is necessary and what is not during brain development.

How does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought?

abstract thinking as well as hypothetico-deductive reasoning should be shown in this stage.

In which type of genotype-environment interaction does the child take the largest role in personally choosing and seeking out environments that will foster a particular interest?

active

Synaptic ____________ occurs when under-utilized synaptic connections die away.

pruning