Psych256 Test2: Lecture 11
The visuospatial sketchpad Holds __ and __ information.
Holds visual and spatial information.
Sensory memory need not be limited to the visual modality: Echoic memory: the persistence of a __ -ex: Say "what" and say "ohh" because you got what they were saying while you were questioning it
the persistence of a sound -ex: Say "what" and say "ohh" because you got what they were saying while you were questioning it
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second.
Constraints on short-term memory not sensory: First key question: how many items can be __ in short-term __?
(Not "ultra" short-term memory) First key question: how many items can be stored in short-term memory?
Working Memory Capacity... ...influences ability to control __ of attention ...correlates positively with measures of __cognitive abilities ...is critical to __ cognitive processes and intelligence ...increases throughout __, then declines gradually during __
...influences ability to control focus of attention ...correlates positively with measures of high-level cognitive abilities ...is critical to complex cognitive processes and intelligence ...increases throughout childhood, then declines gradually during adulthood
Chunking (Miller, 1956) A chunk is defined as a collection of __ that are __ associated with one another but are __ associated with __ in other chunks
A chunk is defined as a collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks
Eliminating the word length effect Articulatory __: short words and __ words would be about the __ if __ one word over and over again
Articulatory suppression: short words and long words would be the about the same Rehearsing one word over and over again
Early model of working memory: Baddeley's working memory model Atkinson & Shiffrin's model wasn't able to account for the fact that people can __ (e.g., read while remembering numbers) phonological loop:verbal and __ info central executive Visuospatial sketch pad: __ and spatial info
Atkinson & Shiffrin's model wasn't able to account for the fact that people can multi-task (e.g., read while remembering numbers) phonological loop:verbal and auditory info central executive Visuospatial sketch pad: visual and spatial info
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
Central executive
The phonological loop consists of: The phonological __, which has a __ capacity and holds information for only a __ The the articulatory __ process, which is responsible for __ that can keep items in the phonological store from __. __ and __ info
Consists of: The phonological store, which has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds. The the articulatory rehearsal process, which is responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying. verbal and auditory info
Long-term memory Defined as __ that stays in our memory for an __ period of time- potentially our __. EPISODIC- __ information that can be explicitly accessed. Usually refers to specific __ or __ -I remember eating dinner with my parents last weekend. SEMANTIC- knowledge of __ that cannot be traced to a particular __, but can still be __ accessed. -Grass in green -I like apple pie PROCEDURAL- knowledge of how to coordinate our __ system to perform a task. Typically considered a form of __ memory. -Riding a bike.
Defined as information that stays in our memory for an extended period of time- potentially our lifetime. Types of long-term memory include: Episodic- autobiographical information that can be explicitly accessed. Usually refers to specific events or experiences. -I remember eating dinner with my parents last weekend. Semantic- knowledge of facts that cannot be traced to a particular event, but can still be explicitly accessed. -Grass in green -I like apple pie Procedural- knowledge of how to coordinate our motor system to perform a task. Typically considered a form of implicit memory. -Riding a bike.
Short-term/ working memory Defined as __ that stays in our memory for __ periods of time- around __ to __ . One type of "ultra" short-term memory is called __ MEMORY: the persistence of a __ presented stimulus.
Defined as information that stays in our memory for brief periods of time- around 10 to 15 s. One type of "ultra" short-term memory is called SENSORY MEMORY: the persistence of a briefly presented stimulus.
Working memory Baddeley and Hitch (1974) as a limited-capacity system for __ storage and manipulation of information for __ tasks such as comprehension, __, and reasoning. Example Visualize: 43 x 6. Multiply 3 x 6 = 18. Hold 8 in memory, while carrying the 1 over to the 4. Multiply 6 x 4 = 24. Add the carried 1 to the 24. Place the result, 25, next to the 8. The answer is 2
Defined by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) as a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning. Example Visualize: 43 x 6. Multiply 3 x 6 = 18. Hold 8 in memory, while carrying the 1 over to the 4. Multiply 6 x 4 = 24. Add the carried 1 to the 24. Place the result, 25, next to the 8. The answer is 2
The modal model of memory Each of the previously defined stages are considered __ There are also __, or dynamic processes associated with the __ that can be controlled by the person and may __ from one task to another. -Example: __
Each of the previously defined stages are considered STRUCTURAL FEATURES. There are also CONTROL PROCESSES, or dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another. -Example: rehearsal
Process of memory Encoding: involves forming a __ -entering __ through keyboard Storage: involves __ encoded info in memory __ -__ data in file on hard disk Retrieval: involves __ info from memory stores -calling up file and displaying __ on monitor
Encoding: involves forming a memory code -entering data through keyboard Storage: involves maintaining encoded info in memory over time -saving data in file on hard disk Retrieval: involves recovering info from memory stores -calling up file and displaying data on monitor
Declarative VS. Non-declarative Memory Tasks Explicit (__) memory tasks -Involves __ recollection -Participant knows they are trying to __ information from their memory Implicit (__) memory tasks -The __ of a task __ indicates memory
Explicit (declarative) memory tasks -Involves conscious recollection -Participant knows they are trying to retrieve information from their memory Implicit (non-declarative) memory tasks -The completion of a task indirectly indicates memory
Determining the limits of sensory memory capacity: the __ MEMORY experiments of Sperling (1960): WHOLE report: Person saw all __ letters at once for 50 ms and __ as many as he or she could remember. PARTIAL report: Person saw all __ letters for 50 ms, but immediately after they were turned off, a __ indicated which __ the person was to report. DELAYED PARTIAL report: Person saw all __ letters for 50 ms, and after a __ second DELAY, a tone indicated which __ the person was to report. RESULTS: Decrease in performance due to the fact __ memory __ rapidly.
ICONIC Whole report: Person saw all 12 letters at once for 50 ms and reported as many as he or she could remember. Partial report: Person saw all 12 letters for 50 ms, but immediately after they were turned off, a tone indicated which row the person was to report. Delayed partial report: Person saw all 12 letters for 50 ms, and after a 1 second DELAY, a tone indicated which row the person was to report. Results: Decrease in performance due to the fact iconic memory delays rapidly.
The modal model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) Input>__>__>(__) or>__ Stage 1: __ memory holds all incoming information for __ or __. Stage 2: __ memory holds five to __ items for about __ to __ seconds. -Remember that we previously defined __ memory as a type of "__" short term memory Stage 3: __ memory holds a large amount of information for __ or even __.
Input>sensory memory> short-term memory> (output) or >long-term memory Stage 1: Sensory memory holds all incoming information for seconds or milliseconds. Stage 2: Short-term memory holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds. -Remember that we previously defined sensory memory as a type of "ultra" short term memory, so that should give you an idea of how these concepts are still being worked out. Stage 3: Long-term memory holds a large amount of information for years or even forever.
George Miller (1956) Magic Number Magic number __ plus or minus __. Limited __ memory store. Memory organization=__.
Magic number 7 plus or minus 2. Limited capacity memory store. Memory organization=chunking.
The word length effect Memory for lists of words is better for __ words than for __ words. List 1: beast, bronze, wife, golf, inn, limp, dirt, star List 2: alcohol, property, amplifier, officer, gallery, mosquito, orchestra, bricklayer List 1 is remembered __. Why is this evidence of a specialized memory system?
Memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words. List 1: beast, bronze, wife, golf, inn, limp, dirt, star List 2: alcohol, property, amplifier, officer, gallery, mosquito, orchestra, bricklayer List 1 is remembered better. Why is this evidence of a specialized memory system?
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
Semantic
What about the type of information being stored? (Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2004) Short term memory capacity can be moved __ or __ colored __ Chinese __ random __ shaded __
Short term memory capacity can be moved up or down colored squares Chinese characters random polygons shaded cubes
Change detection with squares(Luck & Vogel, 1997) Show first the screen the a black screen and change the squares Do the people notice the __ Shows that we are less that __ plus or minus to doing change detection Performance begins to decrease once __ items are present on the screen. Results: change detection __ every time more squares are __
Show first the screen the a black screen and change something Do the people notice the change' Shows that we are less that 7 plus or minus to doing change detection Performance begins to decrease once 4 items are present on the screen. Results: reduces every time more squares are added
The visuospatial sketchpad: Visual imagery experiments by Shepard & Metzler (1971). Shown __ figure then it is taken away Then shown another object (could be the same or __, or different) The degree of __ makes it more __ to relate it to the original object Rotate it in your mind and they measured your __ time
Shown 3-d figure then it is taken away Then shown another object (could be the same or rotated, or different) The degree of rotated makes it more harder to relate it to the original object Rotate it in your mind and your reaction time
What is memory? The ability to __save previously learned __ over a period of time to use this info in the __ Includes details about your __! -identity, __, faces, current conversation this slide, __
The ability to mentally save previously learned knowledge/skills over a period of time Memory is the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use this information in the present. Includes details about your life! -identity, goals, faces, current conversation this slide, your address
The phonological similarity effect Conrad (1964) The confusion of letters or words that sound __ first they flashed __ on a screen and asked participants to __ them. -"__" was often misremembered as "S" and "X" but not "__" (even though visually, "__" looks more like "__")
The confusion of letters or words that sound similar Conrad (1964) flashed letters on a screen and asked participants to remember them. -"F" was often misremembered as "S" and "X" but not "E" (even though visually, "E" looks more like "F")
An example of persistence of vision The continued __ of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer __ EX: __ explains how we can enjoy watching __ even though images are usually presented every ~__milliseconds!
The continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present. EX: Flipbook explains how we can enjoy watching movies, even though images are usually presented every ~40 milliseconds!
The central executive (the traffic __) The key place where __ memory "__." Pulls information from __-term memory and coordinates the activity of the __ loop and visuospatial __ pad. Decides how to __ attention or focus on specific __ of the task.
The key place where working memory "happens." Pulls information from long-term memory and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad. Decides how to divide attention or focus on specific parts of the task.
Other control processes: Using __ to help make a stimulus more __. Narrowing __ that help you focus on information that is particularly __ or interesting.
Using strategies to help make a stimulus more memorable. Narrowing attention that help you focus on information that is particularly important or interesting.
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision.