Psychoactive Drugs Final

What is acute behavioral toxicity?

"Intoxication" that impairs actions and increases the danger to themselves or others.

Cocaine has a half life of ____.

1 hour.

What characterizes too much caffeine?

1,000 mg consumed over a short period of time and is also known as caffeine intoxication.

What is the lifecycle of a neurotransmitter?

1.synthesis 2.storage 3.release 4.postsynaptic effects 5.inactivation 6.reuptake

What act set up FDA as enforcer due to deaths from untested drugs?

1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

What Amendment made it so that every new drug must be demonstrated to be effective for the illness mentioned on the label, including adverse reaction in advertising?

1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment

According to the DSM-5, how many symptoms do you have to have in order to have a substance abuse disorder?

2 out of 11 possible symptoms within a 12 mo period.

You must have _to_ symptoms to be diagnosed with a mild substance abuse disorder

2-3

Cannabinoid receptors are __ times more larger than the number of opioid receptors?

20

A single hit of heroin lasts how many hours?

4 to 6

You must have _to_ symptoms to be diagnosed with a moderate substance abuse disorder

4-5

What is the half life of amphetamines? When is it completely eliminated?

5-12 hours. 2-3 days.

You must have __ symptoms to be diagnosed with a severe substance abuse disorder

6 or more

Major metabolites have a half life of ____.

8 hours.

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A collection of physical and behavioral abnormalities caused by consuming alcohol during fetus development. Face and nervous system abnormalities.

What is nicotine?

A colorless, highly volatile liquid alkaloid.

What is SAMe?

A dietary supplement that is sold as an antidepressant

What is and antecedent?

A factor that occurs before and event such as the initiation of drug use (not the cause).

What is phase 2 of clinical research and development of a new drug?

A few hundred patients who have the condition that the new drug might help.

What is alcohol abuse?

A maladaptive pattern indicated by continued use despite knowledge of having persistent problems caused by alcohol.

What is GHB?

A potent depressant also known as the date rape drug.

What is DMT

A short-acting hallucinogen.

What is a stimulant? What are some examples?

A substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body. Cocaine and amphetamines,

What is a double-blind test?

A test where neither the test subject nor the evaluators know if the subject is getting a placebo or drug.

What are some treatment goals?

Abstinence/controlled use,functionality, reduced criminal behaviors.

What NT's does nicotine stimulate?

Acetylcholine and the autonomic nervous

What neurotransmitter does mushroom hallucinogens target?

Acetylcholine.

Drugs may ____ or ____ the activation of a receptor.

Activate, prevent.

What effects does alcohol have on the Opioid peptide system?

Activates it and reinforces effects and cravings.

Name some treatment issues:

Addicts w/co- existing mental disorders should have both treated, treatment doesn't need to be voluntary to be effective, must be closely monitored.

What are some examples of antecedents?

Aggressiveness, conduct problems, poor academic performance, attachment to a drug-using peer group, and parental/community norms that support drug use.

Is nicotine an agonist or antagonist?

Agonist.

Tertiary prevention:

Aimed at people who have been through substance abuse treatment or have stopped using a drug on their own. Goal is relapse prevention.

Secondary prevention:

Aimed at people who have experimented with drugs but who typically aren't suffering serious consequences from drug use.

Primary prevention:

Aimed at young people who haven't tried drugs. Encourage abstinence and avoids info that peaks curiosity.

What is fluid balance?

Alcohol has a diuretic effect that can lower blood pressure in some people.

What are possible causes of hangover?

Alcohol withdrawal, gastric irritation, and reduced blood sugar.

What is the most widely used depressant?

Alcohol.

What effects do amphetamines have?

Alertness and heightened energy

What are the effects of Amphetamines?

Alertness, heightened energy. Anxiety, Paranoia. Compulsive and repetitive actions.

What sensory and psychological effects do hallucinogens have?

Altered senses, loss of control, varying experiences and accounts.

What makes a drug toxic?

Amount used, how it's used, and what the user did while on them.

What is a intramuscular injection?

An injection that goes into the muscle.

What is a subcutaneous injection and what can it cause?

An under the skin injection that can cause necrosis.

What endogenous substance isolated from brain tissue has marijuana-like effects?

Anandamide.

What are some dependence treatments?

Anti withdrawal agents, anticraving agents, immunization.

What are risk factors of drug use?

Antisocial/problem behavior, poor school performance, and community, parental, and peer attitudes and behaviors for 'trying' a drug.

What is a anxiolytic?

Anxiety reducers.

What can amphetamine use cause?

Anxiety, severe apprehension or panic, paranoia,and exaggerated feeling of power.

What are withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?

Anxiety, weight gain, headaches, and irritability.

Benzos that bind completely to benzo site reduce what?

Anxiety.

A supplement is

Anything that is ingested for some benefit, except the above.

A drug is

Anything that is used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man.

What problems can arise around the deviant act of taking the drug?

Arrests, fines, jailing, expenses associated with drug prevention and treatment.

What is the biomedical model?

Asserts that abnormal thoughts and behaviors result from faulty biochemical processes in the brain.

Stimulant "smart pills" can do what to performance?

At low levels, they may improve performance. At high levels it can decrease performance especially on complex or difficult tasks that require concentration.

What are some special risks for male steroid users?

Atrophy of the testes and breast enlargement.

What hallucinogens are related to acetycholine?

Atropine, isotonic acid.

Impairment due to marijuana can affect:

Attention, memory, and learning.

Behavioral/psychosocial treatments:

Based on disease model of addiction. 12 Steps.

Peer influence approaches:

Based on open discussion among a group of children or adolescents.

Life Skills Training Program:

Based on social influence model, teaches resistance skills and etc.

Project ALERT:

Based on social influence model. Marijuana and cigarettes use reduced or quit.

What is the most widely prescribed depressant?

Benzo's.

What cancerous property is found in greater amounts in marijuana than cigarettes?

Benzopyrene.

What are some examples of depressant drugs?

Benzos, alcohol, antihistamines, heroin, and barbiturate like drugs.

What medications are used for anxiety?

Benzos, and betablockers.

SSRI'S

Block repute of serotonin/

Activation of opioid receptors ___the transmission of pain through the spinal cord or brain stem.

Block.

What does cocaine do to NT'S?

Blocks repute of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

What is an example of specific toxicity?

Blood borne diseases for injected drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

Body's effects of the drug. Increased metabolism reduces effect of doses.

Interventions that aren't effective:

Boot camp, intensive supervision, and generic case management.

What does serotonin do?

Brain stem. Sleep, relaxation, mood alterations. Hallucinogenic. Inhibitory.

What are some long term risk and effects of alcohol use?

Brain tissue loss and intellectual impairment, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and impaired immunity.

What are some long term risks and effects of using alcohol.

Bran tissue loss, intellectual impairment, liver disease, heart disease. Cancer.

How do opioid narcotica relieve pain?

By activating the same group of receptors that are controlled by the endogenous substances called endorphins.

How do stimulants help people with ADHD?

By reversing defects that may underlie ADHD

Munchies are stimulated by what receptors?

CB1

Mood disorders:

Characterized by depressed or manic symptoms.

Anxiety disorders:

Characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance.

What are some different forms of tobacco?

Chew, snuff, cigars, cigarettes, and hookah.

What are hormonal effects caused by alcohol?

Chronic abusers can develop a variety of hormone related disorders.

Schizophrenia:

Chronic psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and causes significant interference with social/occupational functioning.

Cocaine and alcohol combo can cause the formation of what toxic chemical?

Cocaethlyene

______ passes through the placental barrier easily and drug levels are equal between fetus and mother.

Cocaine

What is crack or rock?

Cocaine mixed with baking soda and water.

What are three plants containing xanthines have been used by humans for thousands of years?

Coffee, tea, and cacao.

Acute administration of marijuana to infrequent users disrupts what?

Cognitive performance.

Relapse prevention:

Cognitive therapy and behavioral skills training.

Effective interventions:

Cognitive-behavioral treatment, Medications, and contingency management.

Treatment for tobacco:

Complete abstinence v. cutting down or switching cigarettes.

What is the autonomic-sympathetic system?

Composed of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

The amount of nicotine absorbed depends on:

Composition of tobacco, how dense its packed, filtration, volume of smoke inhaled, and number of cigs smoked.

What is behavioral stereotyping?

Compulsive and repetitive actions.

Reasons for organizing prevention programs on the community level:

Coordination can have a greater impact, drug ed and prevention can be controversial

Contingency management:

Counseling coupled with positive reinforcement has produced consistent reduction in use.

Marijuana has been found to have negative impact on what?

Critical thinking skills.

Atypicalantipsychotics block:

D2 dopamina and Serotonin receptors.

Typical antipsychotics are:

D2 dopamine receptor antagonists.

A program that failed to demonstrate and impact on drug use:

DARE

What are some chronic effects of high doses of alcohol?

Damage to frontal lobes, reduction in brain size, vitamin deficiency.

1988 Omnibus Act is?

Death penalty for murder in conjunction with a drug-related penalty. Funded treatment and ed programs.

Heavy marijuany smoking can decrease ___levels, ____sperm counts, and sperm structure can be ____.

Decrease, diminished, altered.

What are some special risks for female steroid users?

Decreased breast size, larger clitoris, increased facial hair, man voice.

Specific effects

Depend on the presence of a chemical at certain concentrations

What can barbiturates do?

Depress respiration, additive effects with alcohol.

Sedatives, hypnotics, and anesthetics are examples of what?

Depressants.

What does barbiturate use cause?

Depressed respiration, additive effects with alcohol

Acute toxicity can lead to lethality by:

Depressing respiratory to the point of death or overdose.

What is some acute toxicity with amphetamines?

Destroy catecholamine neurons, potential violent behavior.

Rapid/ultra rapid detox:

Detox under deep sedation or anesthesia using a combo of agonists and antagonists for detox and maintenance therapy.

What is PCP?

Developed as an intraveneous anesthetic but found to have serious adverse side effects.

What problems can arise from directly taking the drug?

Developing drug dependence, overdose.

What is peripheral circulation?

Dilation of peripheral blood vessels means that drinkers lose body heat but feel warm.

What is the goal of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 1970?

Direct control of drugs, not control through taxation. Federal law supersedes state.

What neuotransmitter does cocaine target?

Dopamine

What neurotransmitters are both inhibitory and exhibitory?

Dopamine and acetycholine

What are some names of medical marijuana?

Dronabinol and marinol.

What are the principle side effects of opiates?

Drowsiness/sedation, naseau, vomiting, constipation, and the inability to urinate.

Promising interventions:

Drug courts, moral reasoning, and diversion to treatment.

What are CYP450?

Drug metabolizing liver enzymes. (Microsomal.)

Pharmacodynamics

Drug's effects on the body.

What is the positive reinforcement model?

Drugs reinforce behavior without physical dependence.

What are opioid antagonists?

Drugs that block the action of opioids?

Short term detox:

Drugs used to reduce unpleasant or dangerous withdrawal symptoms.

What are some adverse health effects of tobacco?

Effects on children; low birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome, secondary exposures, cancers.

Placebo effects

Effects that are those produced by an inactive chemical that the user believes to be a drug.

Peer participation programs:

Emphasizes becoming participating members of society.

Opiates target what neurotransmitter?

Endorphins.

What do barbiturates and benzos do to GABA receptors?

Enhance the effects on neurons.

What are positive effects caffeine and all xanthines on the CNS?

Enhances alertness, causes arousal, and diminishes fatigue.

What are some health benefits of drinking tea?

Enhances cell-mediated immune function, normalizing blood pressure.

What does dopamine do?

Euphoria, agitation. Cocaine. Inhibitory-excitatory.

What are some behavioral effects of marijuana?

Euphoria, relaxation, dry mouth, loss of coordination and balance, and appetite stimulant.

At high doses, alcohol block the effects of the _____transmitter glutamate?

Excitatory

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act:

Expanded the definition of supplements to include a variety of substances like vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.

Stimulants and depressants can lead to ____?

Explosive and dangerous behaviors.

The cerebrum is in the ___ cortex and is responsible for ___ integration and higher ___ processes like _____ and _____.

External, sensorimotor, mental, reasoning, language.

Antagonist therapy:

Extinction by blocking reinforcing effects of drug.

What effects does alcohol have on the GABA system?

Facilitation of GABA transmission, sedative, withdrawal.

Family interaction approaches:

Families work as a unit to examine/discuss/confront issues relating to drug use. An example is the Strengthening Families Program.

What can stop pattern of substance abuse etc:

Family services, treatment plan, financial services, medical services, and mental health services.

What are some psychological effects of PCP?

Feelings of strength, power, violence, and psychosis.

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Fight or flight system.

Parenting skills programs:

Focus on communication, decision-making, setting goals and limits, and when and how to say no to a child.

Universal prevention:

For an entire population like a community or school.

Selective prevention:

For high-risk groups within a population, like students doing poorly in school.

Barbiturates and benzo's enhance effects of what type of NT?

GABA

What neurotransmitter is the target of depressant drugs?

GABA

What neurotransmitters are found in most regions of the brain?

GABA and Glutamate

What neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

GABA, serotonin, and endorphins.

What are some positive reinforcing effects of alcohol?

Gain pleasure, altered consciousness, and conform to behavior of peers.

Cannabis is a hypothesized ___ substance.

Gateway.

What are some correlates of drug use?

Gender (M>F), race and ethnicity, educational level, personality variables (impulsivity), and genetics (role in developing problem use).

GRAE

Generally recognized as effective

GRAHL

Generally recognized as honestly labeled.

GRAS

Generally recognized as safe.

What are some physiological effects of PCP?

Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation, depression, anesthesia, coma, convulsions, and even death.

What is a psychoactive drug?

Have effects on the brain and alter consciousness, mood, and behaviors.

What are some examples of withdrawal symptoms?

Headache, death, differ in users as well as with different drugs.

Acetaldehyde is associated with what?

Headache, gastritis, naseau, and hang over.

What do low doses of xanthines do to the autonomic nervous system?

Heart activity increases, decreases, or does not change.

What is chronic physiological toxicity?

Heart disease, lung cancer, cirrhosis, and other health defects.

What is freebasing?

Heated cocaine paste in organic solvent or tobacco.

What is a hypnotic?

Helps a person get to sleep more quickly with large doses. Causes insomnia.

What does caffeine do for headache treatment?

Helps relieve both migraine and non migraine headaches.

What are some health cons of xanthines?

High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and breast size reduction.

What does caffeine do for hyperactivity treatment?

High doses may decrease hyperactivity.

Tricyclic antidepressants:

High potential for accidental overdose, reduce severity and duration of depressive episodes.

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Hormonal output regulation

The hypothalamus is responsible for what?

Hormonal output regulation-feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, and sexual behaviors.

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

Houses Dopamine

What does the time course of a drug depend on?

How the drug was administered, how rapidly its absorbed, and how it is eliminated from the body.

What administration methods are most rapid?

IV injections, Intramuscular, Inhalation

Why do people take drugs?

Identification with a deviant subculture, rebelliousness, fads and cultural trends, reinforcing properties of drugs, desire to experience an altered state.

What happens if neural messages are inhibitory?

Impulses are blocked.

What happens if a neural message is excitatory?

Impulses are released.

What is alcohol dependence?

Includes the physiological factors of tolerance and withdrawal among the possible symptoms.

What are the keys to successful drug program:

Inclusion of all involved parties, consistent discipline, confidentiality, early prevention.

What effects does alcohol have on the Dopamine system?

Increase dopamine in mesocorticolimbic system. Reinforcing-reward effects.

What is acute toxicity of amphetamine use?

Increase feelings of power, suspicion, paranoia, and potential risk of violent behavior.

What are other factors affecting dependence?

Individual, social, and environmental factors.

What interaction does alcohol have with NT's?

Inhibitory effecs of GABA at the GABA-A receptor, blocks glutamate, and affects dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.

Detox:

Initial phase of treatment where meds are administered to alleviate unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.

What are negative effects caffeine and all xanthines on the CNS?

Insomnia, increase in tension, anxiety.

Absorption is more rapid in _____ than ______ due to the greater blood supply in the ____.

Intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, muscles.

What does loss of activity in any NT system do to homeostasis?

It disrupts the balance and alters behavior.

What does tolerance do to dosage?

It increases dosage, making it so that users build up to doses lethal to novices.

What are reinforcing properties of drugs and what is it ties to?

It is behavior being reinforced by consequences; over time, this becomes the biggest reason users report they continue use. Psychological dependence.

What is the somatic system?

It is responsible for sensory information and voluntary and involuntary actions.

Parent support groups:

Key adjuncts to skills training or in planning community efforts.

What is the therapeutic index?

LD50/ED50 always greater than 1.

What hallucinogens are related to serotonin?

LSD, psilocybin, DMT

What are some special risks for young steroid users?

Limitation in adult height.

Smoked marijuana:

Lipid soluble, rapidly absorbed into the blood and brain.

90-98% of alcohol is metabolized by the what?

Liver

Community-based programs can involve other resources including:

Local businesses and the public media

What is phase 1 of clinical research and development of a new drug?

Low dose study on a small number (20-80) of healthy volunteers.

What are some long term health problems associated with cannabis?

Lung and throat problems, possible carcinogenic.

What are some adverse health effects of smoking?

Lung cancer, cardiovascular disease,chronic obstructive lung disease.

When smoked, nicotine enters the ___ and is then absorbed into the ___.

Lungs, bloodstream.

What are some examples of mood disorders?

Major depression, manic episodes, and bipolar disorder.

Opiates modulate the release of ____NT's?

Many

Dual-diagnosis clients:

Many clients in substance-abuse treatment have co-occurring mental-health problems.

What drug blocks pain by acting like an opiate in the brainstem?

Marijuana.

What are some physiological effects of LSD

Massive increase in neural activity, serotonin. Activates sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic system.

Do stimulants provide benefit in athletics?

May produce slight improvements in athletic performance.

THC impairs ___by blocking the release of ___in hippocampus.

Memory, glutamate.

OTC stimulates

Mental alertness, wakefulness, NoDoz.

What hallucinogens are related to norepinephrine?

Mescoline, MDMA

What drugs structure allows it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier?

Meth.

What drugs are used to help dependent individuals?

Methadone and buprenorphine.

What can an acute dose of cannabis produce?

Mild anxiety to panic and paranoia.

What does acetylcholine do?

Mild euphoria, excitation, insomnia. Mushroom hallucinogens. Excitatory-Inhibitory

What act let companies tell physicians about other uses for the same drug?

Modernizations Act 1997

Withdrawal consists of?

Mood swings, craving, and obsession with drug seeking.

Deliriant:

More mental confusion and loss of touch with reality.

Methadone:

Morphine like effects but weaker binding.

What does glutamate do?

Most brain regions. Excitatory NT. Targeted by many classes of substances.

The basal ganglia is responsible for what?

Motor skills that include the maintenance of proper muscle tone and activation sequence.

THC also impairs ___ by blocking ___ in basal ganglia.

Movement, dopamine.

What is phase 3 of clinical research and development of a new drug?

Much larger study from 1,000-5,000 patients who have the condition that the new drug might help.

When tobacco is chewed, nicotine is absorbed through the _____.

Mucus lining of the mouth.

What is the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway related to?

Muscle rigidity.

What is an example of an opioid antagonist?

Naloxone and nalorphine.

Is there any beneficial uses to amphetamines?

Narcolepsy treatment, ADHD treatment.

Chronic toxicity associated with amphetamines?

Nasal septum and heart, paranoid psychosis. Heart attacks, strokes, seizures.

What is chronic toxicity of amphetamine use?

Nasal septum and the heart, paranoid psychosis following binge use, and sleep deprivation.

Punishment therapy:

Nasty effects associated with aversive reaction following use.

Where is the binding site of barbiturates and benzos?

Near GABA receptors.

What is the second step of synaptic transmission?

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors.

What is the third step of synaptic transmission?

Neurotransmitters go into repute.

What are some examples of nicotine replacements?

Nicotine gum, patches, nasal spray, etc.

What are nicotine replacements?

Nicotine without the tar and carbon monoxide.

Does marijuana have an established withdrawal syndrome?

No but there is abstinence syndrome.

What is the dependence potential of amphetamines?

No obvious withdrawal symptoms, psychological dependence, DSM defined dependence, and a potent reinforcer.

Name some sketchy shit about supplement labeling:

No specific approved dosages, not all ingredients listed, unapproved health claims,

Do physiological symptoms need to be present to receive a substance abuse diagnosis?

No.

Motivational enhancement therapy:

Non-confrontational interviews to determine and alter 'state of change'.

What neurotransmitter do most stimulant drugs target?

Norephinephrine

What neurotransmitters are exhibitory?

Norepinephrine

What NT's do amphetamines block reuptake?

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

What NT's do amphetamines stimulate?

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

Most products contain ___or more of only a small number of ingredients in different combos.

One

Tobacco contains benzopyrene which is:

One of the most potent mutagen/carcinogens known.

What do endorphins do?

Opioid-like chemical occurring naturally in the brain. Opiates. Inhibitory.

What method of administration of methadone relieves the withdrawal symptoms and delays the withdrawal syndrome?

Oral

What are some ways cocaine can be administered?

Oral, inhalation, and intravenous injections.

What Law offered tax relief and selling rights for companies who developed drugs for rare disorders?

Orphan Drug Law 1983

What is acute physiological toxicity?

Overdose that causes the user to stop breathing or for their heart to stop.

Stimulants and antidepressants can lead to _____?

Overexcitement, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia.

What are some other miscellaneous hallucinogens?

PCP, Salvia, and K

What are the main effects of opiates?

Pain control, pleasure, reward/motivation, and other peripheral effects.

What are some medical uses for opiates?

Pain relief, treatment of intestinal disorders, cough suppressant.

What are examples of anxiety disorders?

Panic disorders, phobia, OCD, PTSD.

What characterizes fetal alcohol syndrome?

Pattern of abnormal features of the face and head. Central nervous system abnormality.

What are protective factors of drug use?

Perceived risk of drug use and involvement in religious activities.

What is chronic behavioral/social toxicity?

Personality and lifestyle changes; effects of relationships with family and friends.

Based on biochemical modulation of brain mechanisms:

Pharmacotherapies can provide a window of opportunity for behavioral/psychosocial treatments by relieving withdrawal symptoms/

Tolerance typically precedes what?

Physical dependence.

What positive reinforcing effects does alcohol have?

Pleasure, altered consciousness, conformity of behavior of peers.

Effective treatment programs should address ___-drug users as well as ___-drug users.

Poly, drug

What does blood alcohol content depend on?

Presence of food in the stomach and intestines, rate of alcohol consumption, concentration of alcohol, drinkers body comp, drinkers metabolism.

What is the traditional approach to drug prevention?

Presentation of negative information about drugs in schools.

MAO inhibitors:

Prevent breakdown of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

What are some possible aims of drug prevention?

Preventing all drug use, abuse, and associated harms.

Indicated prevention:

Prevention individuals who show signs of developing problems, like DUI's

Public health model:

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

What is a sedative?

Promotes calm or sleep induction.

Why do we try to regulate drugs?

Protect society from the dangers of some types of drug use.

Informational programs for parents:

Provide basic info about drugs and their affects and make parents aware of their own use.

What are glial cells responsible for?

Providing structure to the brain, providing nutrients and eliminating waste, and forming myelin and optimizing neuronal functions.

What can be seen in behavior and by the amount of time and effort the person spends seeking the drug, craving for the drug, and tendency to relapse after stopping use.

Psychological dependence.

Name a few rare behavioral effects of cannabis?

Psychosis, delusions, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations.

What is a broad classification of mental disorders?

Psychosis, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway related to?

Psychotic behavior and possible the component of "reward" properties of drug use.

What was the goal of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug act?

Pure and honest labeling of drugs,does not include advertising.

What does IV injection involve?

Putting the drug directly into the bloodstream.

Drugs with ___onset and ___duration have the highest potential for abuse.

Rapid, short.

Absorption through the mucous membranes occurs more ___ than skin absorption.

Rapidly.

Long term maintenance:

Reduce chance of relapse by reducing cravings.

What are physiological effects of nicotine?

Reduced hunger, cognitive function enhancement, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood.

What is Ginkgo Biloba?

Reduces blood clotting and improves memory slightly.

What are some health benefits of xanthines?

Reduces risk of liver cancer, alzheimer's disease, parkinson disease, and type two diabetes.

Anti-drug norms:

Refusal skills and drug free schools.

What is the limbic system responsible for?

Regulates emotional life, formation of emotional memories.

What does norepinephrine do?

Regulates level of arousal and attentiveness.Circadian rhythms. Stimulant drugs. Excitatory.

What negative reinforcing effects does alcohol have?

Relief of stress and negative emotions, relief of withdrawal symptoms.

Analgesics do what and are the most common clinical use of opioid narcotics?

Relieve pain.

Combining depressants can cause____?

Respiratory Depression

Acute cocaine toxicity causes profound CNS stimulation, which can lead to ______.

Respiratory or cardiac arrest.

What creates the dose-response curve?

Response systems having a higher threshold than others for different drug effects.

What is the parasympathetic system?

Rest and Digest System

What are the effects of opioid antagonists?

Reverse depressed respiration, precipitates withdrawal syndrome, and preventing getting high from other opioid use.

Novel antidepressants

SNRI's

What are the three species of cannabis?

Sativa, indica, and ruderalis.

What schedules are hallucinogens according to the US government?

Schedule 1 and 2

What does GABA do?

Sedation, relaxation, disorientation, depression. Most brain regions. Inhibitory NT. Depressants.

There are no approved OTC ___.

Sedatives

What are some effects of MDMA/Ecstacy?

Sense of closeness, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and euphoria.

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Sensitivity of neurons change after repeated use, can cause withdrawal symptoms.

Psychosis:

Serious mental disorder involving loss of contact with reality.

What NT's mediate anxiety?

Serotonin and CRF

What pathway do hallucinogenic drugs influence?

Serotonin pathways.

The chemical structure of psilocin and psilocybin are similar to what neurotransmitter?

Serotonin.

Bezos are relatively safe when used for ___periods but ___ use can cause ___and ____.

Short, long-term, dependence, withdrawal.

What is the first step of synaptic transmission?

Simulating release of neurotransmitters.

Benzodiazepines are prescribed for what?

Sleep and anxiety.

Studies indicate that most athletes perform better on amphetamines, but the improvement is ___.

Small.

The single greatest avoidable cause of death is:

Smoking.

What are the methods of administration for opiates?

Sniffing the powder, oral ingestion, injecting it into a muscle or spine, smoking, and mainlining.

Heroine and amphetamine combo is called _____.

Speedballing

Steroids produce a ___-like high and some increases in ___.

Stimulant, aggressiveness.

What do Amphetamines do to NT's?

Stimulate release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Blocks reuptake of same NT's. Decrease number of transporter.

What are some negative reinforcing effects of alcohol?

Stress and negative emotion relief and relief of withdrawal symptoms.

What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence according to the DSM-5?

Substance dependence is the continued use despite significant substance-related problems known to user.

What is a depressant?

Substances that reduce CNS activity and diminish the brain's level of awareness.

Agonist therapy:

Substitute drug with less psychoactivity, safer route, often longer acting.

What is withdrawal symptom and what is it usually tied to?

Symptoms that vary from user to user as well as with different drugs. Tied to physical dependence.

Oral THC:

THC is absorbed more slowly.

What was the goal of the Harrison Act of 1914?

Tax all people who "produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away" certain drugs. No drug possession penalty.

What act outlawed "false and fraudulent" therapeutic claims on labels?

The 1912 Sherley Amendment

What makes up oral ingestion go drugs?

The absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is complicated. Drugs must withstand digestive processes and pass into bloodstream.

What is the topical application of drugs?

The absorption through the skin which is a slow steady drug delivery.

What is potency?

The amount of drug needed to cause an effect.

What is physical dependence?

The body's need to constantly have to drug or drugs, involves adaptation mechanisms of the body.

Where is serotonin found?

The brain stem.

What is the central nervous system composed of?

The brain, spinal cord, and chemical pathways.

Define toxicity.

The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects caused by the amount used, how its used, and what the user did while on the drug.

What systems are stimulated from using amphetamines?

The central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system.

Where is Acetylcholine found?

The cerebral cortex.

What is the dose-response relationship?

The correlation between the response and the quantity of drug administered.

Margin of safety is determined by what?

The difference between the therapeutically effective dose and the lethal

What is tolerance?

The diminished effect on the body after repeated use of the same drug.

What is a threshold?

The dose at which an effect is first observed.

What is a lethal dose?

The dose of a drug that has a lethal effect in some percentage of test subjects.

What is a effective dose?

The dose of a drug that produces a meaningful effect in some percentage of test subjects.

What is marijuana?

The dried and crushed leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabiz sativa plant.

What does ED50 refer to?

The effective dose for half the animal subjects in a drug test.

What happens with IV injections of drugs?

The effects are rapid, short half lives, high concentrations can be delivered.

What does a medium dose of xanthines do to the autonomic nervous system?

The heart rate increases, minor vasodilation in most of the body, increased respiratory effect.

What makes up the limbic system?

The hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas.

What is the "crash'?

The initial abstinence phase consisting of depression, agitation, suicidal thoughts, and fatigue.

What does LD50 refer to?

The lethal dose for half the animal subjects in a drug test.

What is psychological dependence?

The mental inability to stop using drugs.

What is the brainstem composed of?

The midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

What does the brainstem do?

The nuclei in the brainstem modulate reflexes and the lower brainstem has respiratory, cardiovascular, and emetic centers.

What is THC?

The primary mind-altering ingredient in weed.

What is reinforcement?

The process of encouraging or establishing a belief or pattern of behavior, especially by encouragement or reward.

OTC sedatives and sleep aids

There is none.

What effects do drugs have on synaptic transmission in the brain?

They alter neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, or reuptake at the synapse. Can have multiple interacting effects.

How do xanthines work in the brain?

They are alkaloids that are competitive antagonists of adenosine and counter sleep-inducing effects of it in the CNS.

Stimulants can help patients with narcolepsy because?

They help keep patients awake during the day.

What do nerve cells do?

They receive, analyze, and transmit information.

What do CNS depressants do to its activity?

They reduce activity and diminish the brains level of awareness.

What is the limbic system responsible for?

Together with the hypothalamus it regulates emotional life and also aids in the formation of emotional memories.

When the body's cells detect the presence of a foreign drug, they trigger production of more of the specific metabolizing enemy which causes what?

Tolerance and interaction of drugs broken down by the same enzme.

What are the three basic processes that lead to repeated use?

Tolerance, physical dependence and psychological dependence.

What are some factors affecting dependence?

Tolerance, withdrawal syndromes, and reinforcement.

What causes you body to develop compensatory mechanisms to counter imbalances cause by drug use?

Tolerance.

What is a slow method of administration?

Topical application like snorting coke.

Social influence models:

Training refusal skills, countering advertising, normative education.

What is the early medical model of dependence?

True addiction involves physical dependence; key is treatment of withdrawal symptoms.

What is meth?

Type of amphetamine made from over the counter ingredients like Sudafed. Allows easy cross blood-brain barrier. Stimulates CNS and Sympathetic NS

What are some hangover symptoms?

Upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety, and general malaise.

What is behavioral tolerance?

User learns to compensate for nervous system impairment.

What is dependence?

Usually the difference between recreational and problematic.

Affective education:

Values clarification and decision-making skills. Alternatives to drugs and success experiences.

What are some cons of IV injections?

Veins can be damaged and infections can be directly introduced into the bloodstream

Drugs from the gastrointestinal tract travel through ____first to the ___, where they may be metabolized.

Veins, liver.

Treatment goals for opioids:

View that substance dependence undermines the physical and mental health of user where only acceptable goal is abstinence. Legal methadone over heroine dependence.

Treatment goals for alcohol:

Viewed as a biological disease that someone has or doesn't. View that substance dependence represents one end of a continuum of drinking.

Buprenophine:

Weak effects with strong receptor affinity.

Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol:

Works for community policy changes and encourages participation of many community organizations and businesses.

Does exposure to marijuana alter response to opioids?

Yes

Has abuse potential been shown in marijuana use?

Yes

Is nicotine highly toxic?

Yes!

Is dependence specific to drug, dose, and drug seeking behaviors?

Yes.

Are some drugs more likely than others to lead to dependence?

Yes. Heroin and crack cocaine are examples.

What is action potential?

a brief electrical signal transmitted along the axon.

Alcohol is a reinforcer which means it is:

a substance whose pharmacological effects drive the user to continue to use it.

Classical phantastica:

alter perceptions while allowing user to remain in communication with the present world.

Synesthesia is what?

altered senses

Hypnotics bind to what sites?

benzo and barbiturate sites.

Inhibitory messages ______, while exitatory messages ______.

block impulses, encourage impulses.

What are the four regions of a neuron?

cell body, dendrites, axon, and presynaptic terminals.

Abstinence syndrome:

cravings, yawning, tears, chills, and increased blood pressure.

Nonspecific effects of drugs

derive from the user's unique background, expectations, perceptions, and setting.

Over the counter drugs:

drugs that are safe and effective for use by the general public without seeking treatment by a health professional.

CB2 receptors:

found mainly outside the brain in immune cells. Potential role of cannabinoids in the modulation of immune system.

CB1 Receptor:

found primarily in the brain but widespread throughout the body. Potential actions of cannabinoids widespread.

What are some effects smoking has on a developing fetus?

lowered birth weight, premature birth, oxygen reduction delivered to fetus.

Passive smoking:

nonsmokers' inhalation of tobacco smoke.

Knowledge-attitudes-behavior model

presentations by police and former users, scare tactics.

Psilocybin:

principal source in the psilocybe mexicana mushroom.

Deliriants:

produce more mental confusion, greater clouding of consciousness, and a loss of touch with reality.

Antipsychotics:

reduce psychotic symptoms without causing sedation. Tranquilizers or neuroleptics. Linked to dopamine receptors.

What is caffeinism?

restlessness, extreme nervousness, agitation, and heart palpitations.

Environmental tobacco smoke:

side stream smoke and exhaled mainstream smoke that is inhaled by the passive smoker.

Mainstream smoke:

smoke drawn through the mouthpiece of the cigarette.

Sidestream smoke:

smoke released into the air directly from the lightened tip of a cigarette.

What is inhalation of drugs?

the drug moves from the lungs into the bloodstream through the capillary walls. Effects are rapid because blood moves quickly from the lungs to the brain.

Mescaline:

the most active drug in peyote; it induces intensified perception of colors and euphoria.

Roid-rage:

violent feeling and aggressive actions among steroid users.