Psychology 10

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?

reliability

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________.

Self- awareness

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.​

Self-actualization

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________.

Self-actualization

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.​

Self-awareness

The Electra complex involves:

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the _____. ​

anal stage

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the__________.

anal-stage

According to Freud, the id followsthe _____.​

pleasure principle

Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.​

​Carl Rogers

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.​

​introversion-extraversion

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________

​it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

_________ is also termed as modeling.​

Observational learning

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.​

phallic stage

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

The far-reaching effects of childhood events

Describe the five-factor model. What is its use?

The five-factor model is used to describe what is believed as the five different personality factors. The five-factor model consists of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. The model also describes each of the traits that appear for each type of factor name.

In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on__________.

Western cultural prejudice

The social cognitive theory is criticized because__________.

it-pays-less-attention-to-genetic-variation-in-explaining-individual-differences-in-behavior

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a__________temperament.

melancholic

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.​

unconditional positive

Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development.

False

Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.

False

Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.

False

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:

Feelings of inferiority and creative self

Describe the structure of personality as proposed by Freud.

Freud described it as an iceberg at the tip of the iceberg was the superego and the ego the superego is a moral guardian and sets the standards of behavior. The ego is the self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification. The Id is at the bottom of the iceberg and is present at birth, that represents psychological drives and is fully unconscious.

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?

She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

Discuss the role of observational learning in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Observational learning is used in the social cognitive theory to look at the underlying personal differences. Observational learning could be used by person to predict other people's behavior on the basis of body language.

__________is also termed as modeling

Observational-learning

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.​

Reality principle

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.​

self-efficacy expectations

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called__________by social cognitive theorists.

self-efficacy-expectations

The__________mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

unconscious

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?

A child from France is learning English at home

Define a trait. Explain the trait perspective according to Hippocrates.

A trait is something that is a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior. Hippocrates believes that traits were embedded in bodily fluid which are phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric, and sanguine. An imbalance in any of these was thought to be what caused illnesses.

According to Jung, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

Archetypes

When is the id first present in the mind?

At birth

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.​

Carl Jung

Briefly explain Carl Roger's self theory.

Carl Roger's self theory says that people shape themselves through free choice and action. His self theory focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely. It has two major concerns which are self-concept, our impressions of ourselves and our evaluation of our adequacy, and self-esteem, the regard in which we hold ourselves.

A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of__________.

Erik-Erikson

__________in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

Existentialism

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?

He is extraverted and unstable

__________tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

Individualists

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?

It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It's clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is characterized by the repression of sexual impulses?

Latency stage

_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.​

Personality

What are projective tests? Briefly explain the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Projective method of psychological testing in which a person is asked to describe what he or she sees in 10 inkblots. A person holds up a card with an inkblot on it and the person is asked to describe what they see.

_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.​

Self-efficacy expectations

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.

__________is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups

Standardization

Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.

True

Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.

True

Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants.

True

The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another.

True

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:

collectivists

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.​

conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely__________.

conscious--unconscious--and-preconscious

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the _________ in which a person grows up.​

culture

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

humanistic theorists

Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.

oral stage

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.​

psychodynamic theories

In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the__________.

psychosocial-development-theory

Skinner believed that the effects of__________on behavior should be emphasized.

reinforcement

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.​

self-ideals

According to Carl Rogers,__________refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.

self-ideals

The__________functions according to the moral principle.

superego

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assuredBobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.​

unconditional positive regard