Psychology 101 Chapter 8: Learning

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.

Latent learning; behaviorism

The basic idea behind observational learning is that

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called

learning

Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

watching a movie

punisher

weakens response

If I study with my preferred learning style will I learn more?

No, learning styles do not impact learning

In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds

acquisition

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to

associate events that repeatedly happen together.

Which is an example of classical conditioning?

being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

primary reinforcers

ex: Shelter, touch, sex

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

extinction

Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies

learning

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus.

Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.

operant conditioning

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

shaping

reinforcer

strengthens response; positive = adding stimulus = increase; negative = removing stimulus = both can strengthen response

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

to be repeated.