Psychology 101 Mid-Term Review

deficiency needs

Basic needs that are activated by a lack of food, water, security, love, esteem, or other basic needs are ______________.

Stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear

Basilar membrane

What is a drug that lowers anxiety and reduces tension called?

Benzodiazepines

· When environmental hazards affect the developing fetus, babies are born with _____________.

Birth defects

A disorder marked by excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain is called _____________.

Bulimia Nervosa

Sex drive naturally ___________________________ with age.

Declines

In Freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person, are referred to as __________________.

Dynamic Unconscious

The following statements describes how a drive differs from an incentive:

"Drive" is the state of tension that arises from an unmet need, while incentive is a specific reward that motivates behavior.

Drug interaction

A combined effect of two drugs that exceeds the addition of one drug's effects to the other

Arousal refers to the activation of __________________.

Autonomic Nervous System

____________________ refers to a large bundle of axons.

Axonal Bundle

The type of thinking that examines assumptions, appraises the sources, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions is called:

Critical Thinking

Gender

Culturally constructed distinctions between male and female characteristics

In conducting research, Brandon demonstrates a scientific attitude. _______________________is the following characteristics that is a trait of that attitude?

Curious, skeptical, and humble

______________ is an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation?

Empirical

Abigail is pregnant. Her friend has told her that she is able to predict the sex and birth date of a baby, including her baby. What scientific APPROACH might Abigail use to test this claim?

Empirical Approach

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are:

Empiricism, Rationalism, and Skepticism

Which female hormone is released into the blood stream that causes heat or estrus?

Estrogen

Critical thinking most clearly involves:

Evaluating evidence

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to:

Exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

About every evening after dinner, Maria and her four-year-old daughter, Eliza will have a dance party before bed. Maria claims that the dance party is a great way for Eliza to let out all her feelings from the day and sleep soundly. What type of BEHAVIOR is Maria reinforcing with this activity?

Expressive behavior

As a science, psychology is objective and value-free.

False

In large amounts, alcohol is a depressant; in small amounts, it is a stimulant.

False

Infants initially develop close attachment to their mothers merely because they provide nourishment.

False

Psychology is best defined today as the study of mental life.

False

THC, the main ingredient in marijuana, stays in the system for only a short time.

False

The most common dreams are those with sexual imagery.

False

The purpose of the experiment is to re-create behaviors exactly as they occur in everyday life.

False

Throughout life, our social attitudes are much less stable than our temperament.

False

MDMA has several effects on the human body; one of the most prominent is ______________.

Feelings of anxiety or depression

· The ________________ of a sound wave refers to the amplitude of a second wave?

Height

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by:

Hindsight Bias

Meditation

Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness.

The developmental stage that spans from birth to one year is called:

Infancy

What is the advantage of the experimental method of conducting research?

It allows powerful controlled observations to be staged.

The following is an advantage of the survey method of conducting research.

It allows the formulation of hypotheses and questions for additional research.

Which of the following is an effect of hypnosis?

It can help people relax, feel less pain, and make better progress in therapy

4 types of sleep disorders

Narcolepsy Apnea Insomnia Circadian Rhythm

· What is the name for a type of cell in the nervous system that transmits information?

Neurons

sensory receptors

Neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

What best describes the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.

Which level(s) are classified as basic needs in Maslow's classifications?

Physiological and safety needs

Testosterone

Prenatal development of male or female anatomy is largely due to the presence or absence of _________________.

· Hormonal changes promote both physical growth spurt and reproductive maturity during a biological event known as ____________.

Puberty

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of:

Reactions to sensory stimulation. Cognitive processes.

When practicing meditation, the body undergoes certain physiological changes that the researcher Herbert Benson calls the ___________________.

Relaxation Response

Which theory tells that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted based on experience and situational cues?

Schachter's cognitive theory

The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using:

Scientific Methods

When infants have a stable and positive emotional bond and are upset by the mother's (or caregiver's) absences and seek to be near her when she returns, they are said to develop __________________.

Secure attachment

· _____________________ refers to giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message.

Selective attention

Crying and signs of fear when left alone or with a stranger is known as ________________.

Separation anxiety

Which of the following sleep disorders is suspected as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), or "crib death"?

Sleep Apnea

Which "reflex" is observed when an infant's position is changed abruptly?

Startle reflex

Psychophysics is the study of how the mind interprets the physical properties of _____________

Stimuli

Harry Harlow's experiment with the baby rhesus monkeys:

The attachment that infant monkey's show toward the cloth surrogate mothers was identical to that shown toward natural mothers.

If gender role socialization by parents reaffirms rough, aggressive behavior in boys and emotional, delicate behavior in girls, what is a primary argument against biologically based gender expectations?

The natural difference between boys and girls is that parent's perception likely comes from the parents' own teaching.

In Maslow's hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization are called ________________?

The need people have to achieve their full potential as human beings.

Uncritical acceptance

The tendency to believe claims because they seem true or because it would be nice if they were true.

What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to remember or notice information that fits one's expectations, while forgetting or ignoring discrepancies

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness, and so we gaze longer at a drawing of a face-like image.

True

Much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operate outside our conscious.

True

People who sleep 7 to 8 hours a night tend to outlive those who are chronically sleep deprived.

True

Some behaviors can become impulsive and dysfunctional, like problematic alcohol and drug use.

True

Teens whose mothers drank when pregnant are at risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder.

True

The biggest and most persistent issue in psychology concerns the nature-nurture controversy-that is, the relative contributions of biology and experience to psychological traits and behavior.

True

The opinions of 1500 randomly selected people can provide a very accurate picture of opinions of an entire nation.

True

What is an androgynous individual?

Unisex

According to therapist Barry McCarthy, which element necessary for continuing a healthy sexual relationship?

Valuing intimacy

Physical illness and discomfort after an addict stops taking a drug is known as ______________.

Withdrawals

· The chromosomes needed for male development are _________________.

XY

Orgasm Disorders

premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder

genetic sex

sex as indicated by the presence of XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes

genital sex

sex as indicated by the presence of male or female genitals

gonadal sex

sex as indicated by the presence of ovaries (female) or testes (male)

Hormonal sex

sex determined by levels of estrogens and androgens