Psychology 1010-final exam

In operant conditioning; the gradual disappearance of a response that is no longer followed by a reinforcer is called

extinction

If you claim to have forgotten something, the instructor would contend that one very likely reason for your assertion of you forgetting something is that you actually:

failure to learn it in the first place

The vivid, detailed recollection of what you were doing when you learned about an emotionally arousing event, like the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, is called

flashbulb memory

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

food

Which theory states that information is lost from STM because it is replaced or pushed out by new information?

interference

Which of the following best describes a primary reinforcer?

it is not required through learning

According to the text, the depth at which we process information determines how well it is encoded, stored, and retrieved. This statement is the thesis of the

levels of processing model

The idea that the appearance of new information in short-term memory displaces the old information suggests that the capacity of the STM store is

limited

According to information processing researchers, the third stage of information processing is

long-term memory

An increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus is called

negative reinforcement

You have a toothache; which motivates you to go to the dentist. The dentist fills a cavity; eliminating your pain. When you have a toothache in the future; you will be more likely to go to the dentist. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

The model of learning in which voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences is called:

operant conditioning

Long-term memory is to short-term memory as

permanent storage is to temporary storage

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that an operant will continue is called a(n)

positive reinforcer

Rewards such as food or water that satisfy biological needs are known as _____ reinforcers.

primary

What type of memory is accessed when you remember how to ride a bike?

procedural

When asked what your parent's phone number is, you cannot repeat it, but a moment later you can dial it from memory without looking it up. In this case, which memory system has served you well?

procedural memory

Which of the following is not true about punishment?

punishing misbehavior is preferred over rewarding good behavior

In operant conditioning; the process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is called

punishment

The easiest and most common type of memory is:

recognition

When using positive reinforcement, the _____ should immediately follow the ____.

reinforcer; response

Unlike forgetting in short-term memory, forgetting in long-term memory is due to

retrieval problems

Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called _____ reinforcers.

secondary

Mary, whose hobby is the study of whales, tells her teacher all about the buluga whale, even though she has never actually seen one. Mary's information is stored as a(n) _____ memory.

semantic

Memory for factual, formally acquired information is known as ____ memory.

semantic

If a person gives a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus; this would be an example of

stimulus generalization

If a person gives a response to a conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it; this would be an example of

stimulus generalization

The phrase "7 plus or minus 2" refers to the

storage capacity of short-term memory

A slot machine pays off small amounts of money frequently, but unpredictably. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

variable ratio

You are at the petting zoo feeding the animals when you approach the feed machine and put your quarter in. As you turn the key, you are stampeded by three goats, a 4 llamas, and an armadillo. The animals response to the sound of the machine turning was the:

conditioned response

A man momentarily becomes sexually aroused when he smells his wife's favorite perfume while browsing in a department store. When this happens, the smell of the perfume is the:

conditioned stimulus

Among the rules for using effectively, the most cardinal (important) that one can never violate without producing profoundly pathological behavior is:

consistency of reinforcement

When you are beginning to train your dog to "sit," it is most effective to put him on

continuous reinforcement (1:1 fixed-ratio schedule)

Sometimes your old car's starter will start the car on the first turn of the key, while other times the starter won't work until you turn the key numerous times. Your car starter has created a __________ schedule of reinforcement for your behavior.

variable ratio

After your dog has learned to consistently come to you on command, it is wise to put her on ______ because it is more resistant to extinction.

variable reinforcement

Research on eyewitness court testimony shows that eyewitnesses:

are misled by the phrasing of the lawyer's questions

A negative reinforcer is something ________ the situation.

bad, removed from

Which of the following statements is true about positive and negative reinforcement?

both types of reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response

According to the text, If you remember the 12-letter series "NBCIBMCBSFBI" in the form of three letter abbreviations for well-known organizations, you improve your ability to recall the series by means of

chunking

The theory that forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time is called

decay theory

Before information can pass from short-term memory to long-term memory, _________ takes place.

encoding through consolidation

Information stored in LTM is integrated in the ____ before it is transferred to ____ areas for permanent storage.

hippocampus; cortical

How does forgetting differ between short-term and long-term memory? Short-term memory loss appears to be better explained by _____ theory than long-term memory failure.

interference

After a head injury, a person cannot recall any information about past life events. In spite of the loss of memory about past events, the person knows who the president is and what date it is. This illustrates a deficit in ____ memory but not in ____ memory.

semantic; episodic

A child is reinforced first for manipulating books, then for looking through them, next for reading them briefly, and last for reading them for longer periods. This procedure is an example of

shaping

Maria's boss was unhappy with the way her grooming and dress had deteriorated over the last few years. Rather than reprimand her, the boss decided to lavishly praise Maria on days when she was neater and gradually raise his requirements for praise as Maria became neater and neater. The technique being planned was

shaping

Reinforcement for successive approximations of a desired behavior is called

shaping

When a person pays attention to information held in the sensory register, it passes to and is retained in:

short-term memory

You were introduced to your date's best friend just 10 minutes ago. Now you need to get her. attention but you cannot remember her name. You forgot because of the limits of

short-term memory

Primary reinforcers are very effective because they involve

the biological functions of an organism

Information must be retrieved from STM and LTM differently because

there is much more information in LTM

Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as

unlearned is to learned

Professor Brindise gives pop quizzes. Most students, then, tend to study regularly. This would indicate that they are on a

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

It is likely that ______ keep(s) individuals buying lottery tickets.

variable-ratio schedules

Of the following types of memory, which is not found in LTM?

working

When old memories are temporarily brought into short-term memory to be used or updated, we are using our ____ memory.

working