Psychology 104 Cooley University of Kansas (Cumulative Final Review)

Children with autism have cognitive difficulty...

...understanding other people thoughts.

____ can explain why fraternities use hazing and why some religious cults require that members give all of their worldly possessions to the cult.

Cognitive dissonance

____ refers to the fact that each hemisphere in the brain controls the functions of the opposite side of the body.

Contralateral control

_____ refers to the meaning of a sentence; ______ refers to how a sentence is worded.

Deep structure; surface structure

_____ persuasion is a type of persuasion that involves a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion.

Heuristic

"Bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact..."

James-Lange theory

Unlike Piaget, ____ believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with objects.

Lev Vygotsky

_____ occurs when earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

Proactive interference

What did psychologist Heinrich Kluver find when he removed the temporal lobe of a monkey?

The monkeys appeared to lack fear and they were no longer able to distinguish between good and bad.

Jon's teacher knows that he has had the flu and has been very ill. Jon doesn't preform well on his exam, but his teacher still believes that his poor performance is due to his laziness and not to his illness. Jon's teacher is demonstrating:

a correspondence bias

According to terror management theory, one of the ways that people cope with existential terror is to develop:

a cultural worldview

What neurotransmitter deteriorates with Alzheimer's disease?

acetylcholine

What is referred to as an all-or-nothing event?

action potentials

L-Dopa _____ dopamine in Parkinson's suffers.

agonist

Individuals who are diagnosed with ____ as adults may have engaged in animal cruelty and fire setting when they were children or adolescents.

antisocial personality disorder

After 9/11, people were more likely to judge flying as being unsafe. What concept does this illustrate?

availability bias

The polygraph is ____ than chance at detecting lies but has a ____ error rate.

better; high

During activation of the stress response system, high levels of ____ such as epinephrine and norepinephrine are released.

catecholamines

How would you describe correlation coefficient of r=-1.10?

impossible

According to Piaget's stage of cognitive development, a child who can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conversation of physical properties is what stage of cognitive development?

concrete operational

The principle of _____ is the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance.

conservation

What finding is associated with studies investigating hippocampal volume of Vietnam veterans and their identical twins?

decreased hippocampal volume for both war veterans with PTSD and their twin

Sometimes at professional sporting events, people will behave in a loud and reckless manner, even though they would never behave that way if they were alone. What phenomenon does this illustrate?

deindividuation

What neurotransmitter was the first to be linked with schizophrenia?

dopamine

What forms of encoding pair with what lobes?

elaborative-temporal visual-occipital organizational-frontal

Some researchers have suggested that autism spectrum disorder can be conceptualized as decreased capacity for _____ combined with an increased ability for ______.

empathizing; systematizing

The Rescorla-Wagner model introduced the role of ____ in classical conditioning.

expectation

Janie is a member of a book club. She received a free book after 20 purchases. What schedule of reinforcement is illustrated in this example?

fixed-ratio

According to the ____, people aggress when their goals are thwarted.

frustration-aggression principle

The _____ for intelligence is about 0.50.

heritability coefficient

What is the term for learning that occurs without awareness?

implicit learning

When an experiment is _____, we can draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between an independent and dependent variable.

internally valid

What phenomenon did Tolman illustrate using three groups of rats: one group that was reinforced every day for 17 days, one group that was reinforced at the start of day 11 and one group that was never reinforced?

latent learning

The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many parts. Research has shown that the ___ part of the hypothalamus receives the signals that turn hunger on and the ____ hypothalamus receives signals that turn hunger off.

lateral; ventromedial

As our brains age, we show:

less bilateral asymmetry

According to psychological research adolescence is a time of ___ for most teenagers.

little trouble

In the _____ subtest of the WAIS-IV, the test taker is asked to add a missing element to a pattern so that is progresses logically.

matrix reasoning

Our preferences for things that are familiar to us illustrates the ____ effect.

mere-exposure

In Milgram's infamous study, ___ of the participants delivered the highest level of shock.

more than 50% but less than 100%

Chomsky believed that language-learning capacities are built into the brain. What theory of language supports this view?

nativist

An individuals progress through adolescence, they spend more time with the ____ sex and the same amount of time with the _____ sex.

opposite; same

In the process of the GAS, the ___ phase involves the body's attempt to adapt to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor.

resistance

A person in Kohlberg's ____ stage of moral development would avoid an action because it would result in their punishment.

preconventional

The _____ assesses people's willingness to mutually cooperate to solve a problem.

prisoner's dilemma

The _____ rule describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to there periphery.

proximodistal

Money starts out as a neutral conditioned stimulus that, through its association with an US, such as food or shelter, takes on a conditioned emotional element. What type of reinforcer is money?

secondary

Information that travels the "fast pathway" through the brain starts in the _____ and ends in the _____.

thalamus; amygdala

Which components make up the major parts of the peripheral nervous system?

the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

According to the moral intuitionist perspective, our moral judgements are ____ our emotional reactions.

the consequences of

People who were asked to hold a pen with their teeth found cartoons funnier than people who were asked to hold the pen with their lips. What concept is illustrated by this finding?

the facial feedback hypothesis

What theory of depression proposes that individuals who are more likely to suffer from depressions attribute bad experiences to internal, global and stable causes?

the helplessness theory

You used to be able to recite all the lines of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven", but now you find that you can only recall the first two lines. What sin of memory is this?

transience

A(n) ____ refers to something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism.

unconditioned stimulus (US)

If an observation is ____, then we can draw accurate inferences from it.

valid