Psychology 107 Exam 3 (Chapters 7-9)

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

Artificial

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

Assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

Assimilation

Late maturing boys are ________.

At a higher risk of depression

Early maturing girls are ________.

At a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

Authoritative

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

Automatic

Encoding information occurs through ________.

Automatic processing and effortful processing

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

Avoidant

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

Bias

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

Bodily kinesthetic

According to attachment theory, which of the following is NOT needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory.

Change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.

Change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

Change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Chapter 8 Questions

Chapter 8 Answers

Chapter 9 Questions

Chapter 9 Answers

Which of the following does NOT occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

Concrete operational

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

Confirmation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

Construction; Reconstruction

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

Creative

Specific normative events are also called ________.

Developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

Discontinuous

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

Disorganized

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

Divided intelligence into two components

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

During early childhood

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

Dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

Dyslexia

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Egocentrism

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

Emotion; Memory

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

Encoding failure

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect?

Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

Equipotentiality hypothesis

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

Experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

Experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

Experiences

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Explicit memories

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

Explicit memory

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

Fine

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Flashbulb memory

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

Fluid

What is confirmation bias?

Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

Forgetting

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

Formal operational

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Functional fixedness

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Genes and biology

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

Hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

Hindsight bias

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

Hippocampus

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Identity vs. confusion

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

Implicit

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

Indirect

What is episodic memory?

Information about events we have personally experienced

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Initiative vs. guilt

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

Integrate

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Integrity vs. despair

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

Interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

Interpersonal; Intrapersonal

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Intimacy vs. isolation

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

Intrusion

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

It can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

What is semantic memory?

Knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

Language

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

Learning disability

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

Lexicon

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

Long-term

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

Mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

Memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

Mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

Mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

Method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

Misinformation effect paradigm

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

Modest

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

Moro reflex

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

Morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Musical

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

Naturalistic observation

Which of the following is NOT a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

Object permanence

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

One standard deviation above the mean

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

Others have false beliefs

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

Patriotism

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Permissive

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

Phoneme

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

Engram refers to the ________.

Physical trace of memory

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

Postformal

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Practical

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

Pre-conventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

Preoperational

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

Processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

Prototype

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Psychosocial

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

Rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

Relearning

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

Remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Resistant

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

Retrieval

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

Retroactive

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

Revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

Role

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

Schema

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Schemata

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Secure

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

Self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Semantic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Semantics

Ego identity is our ________.

Sense of self

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

Sensorimotor

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

Sensory

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

Severe

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

Short-term memory itself has different forms

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Spatial

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

Stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

Stranger anxiety

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

Stranger anxiety

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

Stroop effect

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

Suggestibility

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

Surveys

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

Teratogen

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

Teratogens

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

The decision to be made is important

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."

The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.

The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

Thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

Thoughts

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Trust vs. mistrust

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

Universal

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

Visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

Visual

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.

Vocabulary spurt

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

Was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

What the word chocolate means

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

Younger average age for marriage

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

Zygote

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18 to 24

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

Abused

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

Accommodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

Achievement gap

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

Acoustic

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms cannot be used in everyday life

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

Amygdala

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

Analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

Another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

Anterograde

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

Anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

Arousal

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Arousal theory