Psychology 181 Final Exam (Practice Quizzes)
Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of
ADHD
After being bitten by a Boston terrier when she was a child, Corinne now winces every time she encounters small black-and-white dogs. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _______.
All small black-and-white dogs
Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?
Carl Rogers
Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with
ECT
Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz?
How well does the word describe you?
Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from lithium?
Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement
Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung were
Neo-freudians
Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of
Role playing on attitude change.
Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?
Sigmund Freud
After being bitten by a Boston terrier when she was a child, Corinne now winces every time she encounters small black-and-white dogs. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is _______.
The dog who bit her
After being bitten by a Boston terrier when she was a child, Corinne now winces every time she encounters small black-and-white dogs. In this example, the conditioned response is _______.
Wincing in response to other small black-and-white dogs
An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by
a biopsychosocial approach
Psychotherapy is likely to be most effective when a client's difficulty involves
a clear-cut and specific problem
Many physicians did not realize that bleeding was an ineffective treatment for typhoid fever until researchers made effective use of
a control group
A sudden loss of memory is a symptom of
a dissociative disorder
Spearman's g factor refers to:
a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
Which of the following is most clearly a key element shared by all effective psychotherapies?
a new perspective on life
Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of
a positive self-concept
In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates
a token economy
Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. According to Freud, Alex most clearly demonstrates
a weak superego
Which of the following is an important component of therapeutic lifestyle change promoted by Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues?
aerobic exercise
One of the Big Five personality factors is
agreeableness
Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of
anorexia nervosa
Jason has been in and out of prison for various crimes in which he scammed people out of their money. He feels no guilt or remorse for his behavior; in fact, he blames his victims for being "suckers." Jason illustrates
antisocial personality disorder
Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates
antisocial personality disorder
Low levels of anxiety are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
People who are more likely to avoid romantic commitments
are narcissistic
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is administered to patients who ________, and it produces ________ memory loss than ECT.
are wide awake; less
To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates
aversive conditioning
Which form of psychotherapy has had especially good results in treating phobias?
behavioral conditioning therapy
Immigrants to the United States from Mexico average ________ mental health than Mexican-Americans born in the United States. Immigrants to the United States from Asia average ________ mental health than Asian-Americans born in the United States.
better; better
Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy.
biopsychosocial
Thirty-year-old Jeremy has extreme, recurring mood swings in which he experience severe bouts of depression and then becomes extremely agitated and euphoric for no apparent reason. Jeremy is suffering from
bipolar disorder
Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of
bulimia nervosa
________ is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person engages in binge eating and then purges the excessive food consumption by self-induced vomiting or by the misuse of laxatives or enemas.
bulimia nervosa
Jackie is trying to decide which computer to purchase. After reading various articles comparing computers and researching the different types of computers in Consumer Reports, she makes her decision. Jackie's decision illustrates
central route persuasion
Rebecca needs a new car. When she sees a car commercial describing the superior safety features, fuel economy, and handling of the vehicle, she decides to purchase the car advertised in the commercial. Rebecca's decision making illustrates
central route persuasion.
Which type of schizophrenia develops slowly and is less responsive to treatment?
chronic schizophrenia
Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with
collectivism
Displays of humility are most characteristic of those who value
collectivism
Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a
concept of conservation.
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.
conditioning
Joanna is very serious about her work as a teacher. She rarely misses work, attends every meeting prepared to make a contribution, and is never behind in grading her students' work. Which Big Five trait is Joanna illustrating?
conscientiousness
Eyewitnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates:
context-dependent memory.
Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.
decreases; increases
A form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that helps change harmful and even suicidal behavior patterns is known as
dialectical behavior therapy
Many researchers believe that several of the symptoms of schizophrenia result from an overabundance of receptors for the neurotransmitter
dopamine
The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of
drug therapies
The MMPI was originally developed to identify
emotional disorders
Cognitive therapy is most likely to
emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events.
A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is a(n) _________ test.
empirically derived
Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of
enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted
The most effective psychotherapists are those who
establish an empathetic, caring relationship with their clients
A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates
exposure therapy
Systematic desensitization is a form of
exposure therapy
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
factor analysis
Adolescents' sense of what's fair is most likely to change from simple equality to what's proportional to merit when they achieve
formal operations.
While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as
free association
Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to
give in to conformity pressures
Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce
hallucinations
Efforts to boost someone's self-esteem with random expressions of praise in the absence of good performance is most likely to promote
helplessness
A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that
higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.
critics have most frequently objected to the emphasis on individualism offered by the
humanistic perspective
An intense fear of spiders isn't considered a psychological disorder unless
in interferes with normal day-to-day life
Therapists who encourage clients to think primarily about others' expectations are especially likely to experience difficulty developing a strong therapeutic alliance with clients who value
individualism
To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the INDEPENDENT variable was
insults or compliments
To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the DEPENDENT variable was
interpersonal attraction
Classical psychoanalysis most clearly involves
interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.
There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her
level of life satisfaction.
The Rorschach inkblot test has ________ reliability and ________ validity.
low; low
Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder
John has been having difficulties getting out of bed, and is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12 to 14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder
According to Freud, the conscious memory of dream content is the
manifest content
The most convincing evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from
meta-analysis of psychotherapeutic outcome studies
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
negative reinforcement
Matthew spends each morning counting every book in his personal library, as well as every kitchen utensil and dish before he will leave for work. He repeats the process when he comes home. He recognizes that this is irrational, but he becomes extremely agitated when he tries to stop. Matthew's behaviors are most symptomatic of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely suffers from
panic attacks
Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of
panic disorder
Evidence-based practice involves making therapeutic care decisions based on integrating the best available research with clinical expertise and
patient preferences and characteristics
Kyle has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He hears voices and believes the government is plotting to steal his internal organs and sell them to foreign governments. Kyle is demonstrating the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
Jackson can see himself becoming just like his father—overweight, unhealthy, and depressed. To prevent that from happening, Jackson carefully monitors his food intake and engages in a regular program of exercise with a group of supportive friends. Jackson's healthy lifestyle best illustrates the motivational impact of
possible selves
Taryn, who was sexually assaulted in a parking lot, experiences frequent nightmares and has withdrawn from her family and friends. Since the attack, she has difficulty sleeping and can no longer hold down a job. Taryn's symptoms indicate that she has
post traumatic stress disorder
Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of
post traumatic stress disorder
During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference.
Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test.
projective
The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of
proximity
The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.
psychoanalytic
The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the
psychodynamic perspective
If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as
psychosurgery
Bryce often acts so daring and overconfident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as
reaction formation
The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called
reciprocal determinism
Freud indicated that defense mechanisms
reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of:
reliability
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of
repression
Most political dissidents who have survived a period of imprisonment and torture do not later exhibit posttraumatic stress disorder. This best illustrates
resilience
During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates
resistance
Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for
schizophrenia
A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates the impact of
selective attention
Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate
self-actualization
Bethany has sense of competence and effectiveness in her profession. She does not back down from any professional challenge because she believes she can meet any challenge. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Bethany's belief in herself illustrates
self-efficacy
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate
self-serving bias
Most college students perceive themselves as above average compared to their classmates. This best illustrates
self-serving bias
The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of
serotonin
We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of
situational influences
Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
social withdrawal
An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are
specific and temporary
Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for purposes of:
standardization
The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of the river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of
superordinate goals.
To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates
systematic desensitization
Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called
the Big Five
At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of
the medical model
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with
the oedipus complex
Because she mistakenly believes that the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates
the placebo effect
Which of the following is likely to lead to inflated client perceptions of the effectiveness of their psychotherapy?
the placebo effect
Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates
the social-cognitive perspective
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that the development of personality is partially learned through conditioning and imitating the behavior of others?
the social-cognitive perspective
When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates
the spotlight effect
Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates
top-down processing
The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of
trait theories
Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests':
validity
The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder.
viral infections
Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family are leading to the destruction of both his family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a
weak ego
Although questions remain concerning the cause(s) of depression, we do know that
women are nearly twice likely as men to suffer from major depressive disorder