Psychology 203 Quiz 1

58. (p. 19) Reactive Attachment Disorder is thought to be a lifelong condition caused by a lack of nurturing care during the early years of life. This diagnosis aligns with the developmental issue of A. stability. B. change. C. nature. D. discontinuity.

A. stability

64. (p. 21) Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on A. the unconscious mind. B. thinking, reasoning, language, and other cognitive processes. C. behavior's link to environment. D. biology and evolution.

A. the unconscious mind.

57. (p. 19) The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following? A. stability B. change C. nature D. nurture

B. change

46. (p. 18) Which of the following is NOT a commonly conceptualized way of viewing age? A. biological age B. cognitive age C. social age D. psychological age

B. cognitive age

68. (p. 22) Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are A. developmental landmarks with increased vulnerability. B. developmental landmarks with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials. C. catastrophic events that toughen the individual for future crises. D. developmental landmarks with enhanced potentials.

B. developmental landmarks with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials.

42. (p. 16) At what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group? A. 50 years B. 65 years C. 75 years D. 85 years

D. 85 years

41. (p. 16) At what age do most people claim to be happiest in the U.S.? A. 19 years B. 25 years C. 42 years D. 88 years

D. 88 years

23. (p. 9) Contemporary concerns in life-span development perspective include A. health and well-being issues. B. parenting and education issues. C. sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues. D. All of these answers are correct.

D. All of these answers are correct.

85. (p. 25-26) Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of A. Erikson's developmental crises. B. Piaget's cognitive stages. C. Skinner's operant conditioning. D. Bandura's social learning.

D. Bandura's social learning.

Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________. A. birth; middle adulthood B. birth; old age C. conception; early adulthood D. conception; death

D. Conception; death

6. (p. 6) According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, which age period dominates development? A. infancy-childhood B. adolescence-early adulthood C. middle-aged to late adulthood D. No single age group dominates development.

D. No single age group dominates development.

25. (p. 10) Children living in poverty are more likely to A. be separated from a parent. B. be exposed to violence. C. be exposed to family turmoil. D. be in all these situations.

D. be in all these situations.

28. (p. 13) At age 3, Jillian is beginning to engage her imagination. This is the _______ process of Jillian's life-span development. A. ecological B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive

D. cognitive

16. (p. 7) In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual.

D. contextual.

70. (p. 22) At the airport, 4-year-old Kelly's mom encourages her to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel. According to Erikson's stage theory, Kelly's mom is helping Kelly develop A. trust. B. her identity. C. initiative. D. altruism.

. C. initiative.

83. (p. 25) Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories? A. devotes inadequate attention to environmental determinants B. devotes inadequate attention to developmental changes C. devotes inadequate attention to behavioral changes D. devotes inadequate attention to how people learn

. devotes inadequate attention to developmental changes

3. (p. 6) Life-span development is the study of human development from conception to death. Historically, however, most of the focus has been on which age group? A. children and adolescents B. young adults C. middle-aged adults D. the elderly

A. Children and adolescents

2.(p. 6) Which of the following gives the BEST description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"? A. growth and decline in skills and processes B. growth and decline in skills and processes from birth to adolescence C. growth in skills and processes D. decline in skills and processes

A. Grown and decline in skills and processes

15. (p. 7) Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual? A. Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining. B. Parents in the United States are more likely to rear their children to be independent than parents in Japan. C. Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making. D. Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines.

A. Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining.

82. (p. 25) Which theory would provide the BEST support for your belief in using incentives and time-outs as ways to help children behave? A. Skinner's behaviorism B. Piaget's cognitive theory C. Erikson's psychosocial stages D. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

A. Skinner's behaviorism

76. (p. 24) Who among the following is a cognitive theorist? A. Vygotsky B. Freud C. Erikson D. Both Freud and Erikson were cognitive theorists.

A. Vygotsky

71. (p. 22) The successful outcome of Erikson's stage of _____ results in a healthy sense of independence. A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. initiative versus guilt C. industry versus inferiority D. identity versus identity confusion

A. autonomy versus shame and doubt

53. (p. 19) In the nature/nurture debate, one's _____ is related to "nature," while one's _____ is related to "nurture." A. biological inheritance; environment B. age; environment C. biological inheritance; behavior D. environment; biological inheritance

A. biological inheritance; environment

54. (p. 19) During her intake interview, Jody's psychiatrist asks for a familial history of mental disorders, as well as for details about her childhood friends, neighborhood, and schools. The psychiatrist is gathering information related to the influence of _____ on development. A. biology and environment B. biology C. environment D. cognitive acuity and coping skills

A. biology and environment

72. (p. 23) Piaget theorized that children move through distinct stages of cognitive development, with each stage being qualitatively different from the one preceding. His theory reflects which aspect of developmental philosophy? A. discontinuity B. multidirectionality C. stability D. nature

A. discontinuity

100. (p. 28) The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate? A. eclectic B. life-span C. psychoanalytic D. social learning

A. eclectic

24. (p. 10) Of special consideration for social policy intervention are children who grow up A. in poverty. B. in single-parent homes. C. addicted to heroin. D. as part of a minority group.

A. in poverty.

11. (p. 6) Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual.

A. lifelong.

94. (p. 27) Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of liberal parents. When we compare such differences in studying their ecological systems, we are focusing on the difference in _____. A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem

A. microsystem

36. (p. 14) Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. What period of development is she most likely in? A. middle childhood B. late childhood C. adolescence D. primary years

A. middle childhood

52. (p. 19) Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that his father had ADHD as well. Brent most likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by A. nature. B. nurture. C. stability. D. continuity.

A. nature.

21. (p. 8) Neleh was on a popular reality TV show and got widespread exposure. This is an example of a A. nonnormative life event. B. normative age-graded influence. C. normative history-graded influence. D. normative contextual influence.

A. nonnormative life event.

19. (p. 7) The fact that I use e-mail virtually every day and my mother has never sent or received an e-mail is an example of a difference in A. normative history-graded influences. B. nonnormative life events. C. normative age-graded influences. D. nonnormative age-graded influence.

A. normative history-graded influences

80. (p. 25) Skinner claimed that we should only study that which can be _____ and _____. A. observed; measured B. observed; changed C. learned; changed D. rewarded; punished

A. observed; measured

43. (p. 16) What developmental period is marked by sizeable losses in cognitive potential, chronic stress, and frailty? A. oldest old B. young old C. late adulthood D. middle adulthood

A. oldest old

60. (p. 19) The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts? A. plasticity. B. contextualism. C. multidimensionalism. D. multidirectionality.

A. plasticity.

32. (p. 14) The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9 months is called A. prenatal. B. infancy. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood.

A. prenatal.

51. (p. 18) A person's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are called _____ age. A. psychological B. social C. biological D. coping

A. psychological

74. (p. 24) While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on _____ in explaining child cognitive development. A. social interaction. B. concrete operations. C. formal operations. D. organization and adaptation.

A. social interaction.

93. (p. 27) Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to A. environmental settings. B. biological foundations. C. social considerations. D. microdimensions of culture.

B. biological foundations.

31. (p. 13) Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development? A. These processes develop independently of one another. B. The development of these processes is intricately interwoven. C. Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development. D. Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development.

B. The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.

44. (p. 16) Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these students most likely in? A. middle childhood B. adolescence C. young adulthood D. late childhood

B. adolescence

30. (p. 13) Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked? A. abstract B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive

B. biological

49. (p. 18) The functional capacities of a person's vital organ system indicate _____ age. A. chronological B. biological C. psychological D. social

B. biological

7. (p. 6) Diana feels that her human development course overemphasizes the changes that occur from birth to adolescence and disregards the developmental issues of adulthood. Which developmental perspective would address her concerns? A. traditional B. life-span C. ethological D. ecological

B. Life-span

91. (p. 26) Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby, what might the consequences of this be? A. The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth. B. Life-span development will likely not be optimal. C. As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced. D. The outcome will depend on the child's temperament.

B. Life-span development will likely not be optimal.

73. (p. 23) If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively construct their own view of the world, then your personal theory is most similar to that of A. Vygotsky. B. Piaget. C. Erikson. D. Freud.

B. Piaget.

50. (p. 18) Jerry is 60 years old and is training for his first marathon. He has strong muscles and is in perfect health. Jerry is relatively young in his _____ age. A. chronological B. biological C. psychological D. social

B. biological

99. (p. 28) A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using? A. dynamic B. eclectic C. fragmented D. ethological

B. eclectic

37. (p. 15) Most traditional college students are considered to be in what developmental period? A. late childhood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. middle adulthood

B. emerging adulthood

84. (p. 26) A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is A. developmental changes. B. environmental influences on behavior. C. the role of unconsciousness in behavior. D. the role of cognition in development.

B. environmental influences on behavior.

95. (p. 27) Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child's attachment relations with him. This type of interaction illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a A. microsystem. B. exosystem. C. chronosystem. D. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

77. (p. 24) The information-processing approach to development is mainly concerned with A. the influence of culture on development. B. how people interpret and use knowledge. C. the influence of age on learning. D. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development.

B. how people interpret and use knowledge.

34. (p. 14) Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is beginning to develop his language and sensorimotor coordination. What period of development is he most likely in? A. prenatal B. infancy C. early childhood D. middle/late childhood

B. infancy

69. (p. 22) According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the _____ stage. A. trust versus mistrust B. initiative versus guilt C. industry versus inferiority D. identity versus identity confusion

B. initiative versus guilt

86. (p. 25-26) Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. A social cognitive theorist would say that her children will most likely A. learn quickly not to disobey. B. learn to hit others in similar situations. C. become well-behaved people. D. rebel and become more disobedient.

B. learn to hit others in similar situations.

22. (p. 8) Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on A. growth and maintenance. B. maintenance and regulation of loss. C. regulation of loss. D. growth and regulation of loss.

B. maintenance and regulation of loss.

39. (p. 16) Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young people. What period of development is he most likely in? A. late adulthood B. middle adulthood C. early adulthood D. stability and regulation

B. middle adulthood

26. (p. 10) The U.S. percentage of children living in poverty is A. only half as much as some other industrialized nations. B. more than twice as much as that in Canada. C. lowest among the industrial countries. D. not high enough to draw people's concerns.

B. more than twice as much as that in Canada.

98. (p. 28) An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that A. development is a predictable and rigid process. B. no single theory can account for all of human development. C. the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts. D. contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950.

B. no single theory can account for all of human development.

20. Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are A. nonnormative life events. B. normative age-graded influences. C. normative history-graded influences. D. normative contextual influences.

B. normative age-graded influences.

18. (p. 7) Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a A. nonnormative life event. B. normative history-graded influence. C. normative age-graded influence. D. nonnormative age-graded influence.

B. normative history-graded influence.

55. (p. 19) Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This example relates to the developmental issue of A. stability and nature. B. stability and change. C. continuity and discontinuity. D. nature and nurture.

B. stability and change.

61. (p. 21) Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps describe A. discontinuity in development. B. the scientific method. C. a hypothesis. D. a theory.

B. the scientific method.

90. (p. 26) Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support? A. ecological B. social learning C. ethological D. cognitive

C. ethological

4. (p. 6) The upper boundary of the human lifespan is __________ years. A. 105 B. 117 C. 122 D. 131

C. 122

62. (p. 21) Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her Master's thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in getting started? A. Analyze the information she has gathered. B. Draw conclusions from the collected data. C. Conceptualize the problem to be studied. D. Begin to collect information.

C. Conceptualize the problem to be studied.

9. (p. 6) Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean? A. Development is not dominated by any single age period. B. Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. C. Development is characterized by both growth and decline. D. Development needs psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists to work together in unlocking the mysteries of development.

C. Development is characterized by both growth and decline.

63. (p. 21) Which of the following statements is NOT true of a theory? A. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena. B. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps make predictions. C. When studying a topic, it is advisable to choose one developmental theory and disregard all others. D. A theory is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that suggests hypotheses.

C. When studying a topic, it is advisable to choose one developmental theory and disregard all others.

8. (p. 6) Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a Human Development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional developmental approach. They disagree about A. the plasticity of development. B. the multidimensional nature of development. C. whether development is lifelong. D. whether development is multidirectional

C. Whether development is lifelong.

17. (p. 7) Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be classified as A. multidirectional. B. multidimensional. C. contextual. D. plastic.

C. contextual.

38. (p. 16) Paulo is struggling to juggle school, work, and relationships while he is beginning to become more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in? A. late childhood B. adolescence C. early adulthood D. middle adulthood

C. early adulthood

33. (p. 14) Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in? A. prenatal B. infancy C. early childhood D. middle/late childhood

C. early childhood

96. (p. 27-28) Baltes' assertion that development is contextual best fits with which developmental theory? A. psychoanalytic B. social cognitive C. ecological D. ethological

C. ecological

89. (p. 26) Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her belief is consistent with which theory? A. cognitive B. ecological C. ethological D. behavioral

C. ethological

97. (p. 27) Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem.

C. exosystem.

27. (p. 11) A primary concern in relation to social policy for older adults is the A. increasing numbers who live in poverty. B. increase in elder abuse. C. failure of the health care system to address their needs. D. need for funding public pensions.

C. failure of the health care system to address their needs.

5. (p. 6) Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century, life expectancy A. in the U.S. has increased by 15 years. B. in the world has increased by 15 years. C. in the U.S. has increased by 30 years. D. in the world has increased by 30 years.

C. in the U.S. has increased by 30 years.

78. (p. 25) Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it? A. ethological theory B. Piaget's cognitive development theory C. information-processing theory D. psychoanalytic theory

C. information-processing theory

75. (p. 24) Carlos is just starting to learn about the world. According to Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory, what is the most important tool he will use to do this? A. mobility B. sensory perceptions C. language D. information-processing

C. language

66. (p. 21-22) Ben has repressed his sexual urges and has started to develop social and intellectual skills. Ben is in the psychosexual stage called the _____ stage. A. phallic B. anal C. latency D. oral

C. latency

10. (p. 6) Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that development is A. lifelong. B. multidirectional. C. multidimensional. D. plastic.

C. multidimensional.

14. (p. 6-7) The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an example of how development is A. lifelong. B. multidisciplinary. C. multidirectional. D. contextual.

C. multidirectional

47. (p. 18) Becoming a grandmother is an example of _____ age. A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. psychological

C. social

29. (p. 13) Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the _______ process. A. neurological B. biological C. socioemotional D. cognitive

C. socioemotional

35. (p. 14) The period of early childhood ends when the child A. is toilet trained. B. learns to dress herself. C. starts first grade. D. has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic.

C. starts first grade.

92. (p. 27) While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of A. cognition. B. parental genes. C. the environment. D. evolution.

C. the environment

79. (p. 25) Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous? A. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development B. Freud's theory of personality development C. the information-processing theory D. Piaget's theory of cognitive development

C. the information-processing theory

56. (p. 19) In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that A. development is more continuous than discontinuous. B. for the most part, people can't change. C. nature is more important than nurture. D. development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is characterized by continuity and discontinuity, and also by stability and change.

D. development is influenced by nature and nurture, and is characterized by continuity and discontinuity, and also by stability and change.

65. (p. 21) Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development? A. the child's cognitive creativity B. genes inherited from parents C. late experiences with parents D. early experiences with parents

D. early experiences with parents

88. (p. 26) Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development? A. ecological B. behavioral C. cognitive D. ethological

D. ethological

87. (p. 26) The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called A. positive reinforcement. B. bonding. C. sensitive period. D. imprinting.

D. imprinting.

40. (p. 16) Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. However, she needs to pay more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in A. late adolescence. B. early adulthood. C. middle adulthood. D. late adulthood.

D. late adulthood.

13. (p. 6-7) Many older adults become wiser by calling on experiential knowledge, yet they perform poorly on cognitive speed tests. This is an example of how development is A. plastic. B. contextual. C. multidimensional. D. multidirectional.

D. multidirectional.

45. (p. 18) Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his __________ age. A. social B. biological C. chronological D. psychological

D. psychological

48. (p. 18) Mrs. B is a 66-year-old. She dreads retirement, saying that she has no hobbies and no ideas about how she will structure her new abundance of time. She is experiencing difficulty with her _____ age. A. biological B. social C. chronological D. psychological

D. psychological

67. (p. 21-22) Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following aspects of human development? A. experiences in early life B. psychosexual C. experiences in late life D. psychosocial

D. psychosocial

81. (p. 25) Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day. According to Skinner, the BEST way to solve this problem is to A. explore experiences from Nathan's early childhood. B. administer an IQ test to determine Nathan's cognitive potential. C. determine how Nathan's expectations about success have led him to develop this behavior. D. show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so.

D. show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so.

59. (p. 19) Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This is an example of which developmental issue? A. multidirectionality B. multidimensionality C. nature and nurture D. stability and change

D. stability and change

12. (p. 6-7) Which of the following is NOT one of Paul Baltes' eight characteristics of the life-span perspective on development? A. lifelong and multidirectional B. multidimensional and plastic C. contextual D. unidirectional

D. unidirectional