Psychology

Stigma

Preconceived negative opinion or thought on someone or something, makes it difficult for people to talk about it or get help

Unconscious Mind

Thoughts we are unaware of, ex. drives, instincts, trauma

Mood Disorders

Caused by chemical imbalances, consistent change in mood, ex. Major Depressive Disorder

Reaction Formation

Changing an unacceptable feeling or impulse into its opposite.

Repression

When we push unpleasant urges or thoughts out of our conscious mind.

Superego

Part conscious, mostly unconscious- moral thoughts

Personality Disorders

Pattern of behaviour that's not the social norm causing long term difficulties ex. Antisocial Personality Disorder

Psychology

Study of the mind, mental processes and behaviour

Projection

When we see negative traits and feelings in other people that we see in ourselves but cannot openly admit

Illusions

We group patterns and shapes in order to recognize them

Humanism

Belief that the patient should be involved in recovery. Based on theory that everyone has potential to be a good person and contribute to society.

Rationalization

Excuse we invent to explain a failure, loss, error or bad behaviour

Perception

Process that allows us to select, organize and interpret sensory signals in the brain 1)Selecting: name in a noisy environment 2)Organizing: who the voice belongs to 3)Interpreting: that person wants my attention

Phobias

Significant and persistent fear, causes extreme anxiety and affects daily life

Teenage Brain

The amygdala and prefrontal cortex go through dramatic change which affect risk taking, decision making, emotions, sleep habits, impulse, sex

Ethical Guidelines in Psychology

1) Responsible Caring 2) Integrity of Relationships 3) Responsibility to Society 4) Respect for the Dignity of Persons

PTSD

Constantly experiencing/imagining a traumatic event that previously happened, extreme anxiety in that situation, stems from amygdala

Bipolar Disorder

Cycle of going through depressed, normal and mania moods

Elizabeth Loftus

Lost in mall experiment. False memories: repressed memories created through power of suggestion.

Discrimination

Taking negative action on your prejudice to belittle someone

Albert Bandura

Bobo doll experiment. Children learn by imitation and aggression is learnt and should be stopped before adulthood.

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization", being a part of helping yourself

Schizophrenia

Mental disturbance that shuts down parts of brain, causes delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behaviour

Classical Conditioning

Type of learning to associate stimuli and anticipate events, ex. Pavlov's dogs

Sensation

Process that activates our sense receptors, we transmit signals from these senses to our brain

Psychosis

Active state of experiencing hallucinations, delusions, can be organic (tumour) or chemically induced (drugs) or both

Psychoanalysis

Analyzing our inner thoughts and feelings and unlocking the unconscious mind, ex. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung

Sublimation

Changing an unacceptable feeling or thought into one that's socially acceptable.

Behavioural Psychology

Conducting experiments and gathering data to understand observable behaviours and phenomena

Ego

Conscious- "the referee", rational thinking

Viktor Frankl

Developed logotherapy after experiencing the holocaust to help patients find meaning/purpose in life without medical help.

Nature vs Nurture

A dual concept- whether behaviour is caused by genetic inheritance or environmental influences/how you were raised, one of the oldest issues debated by psychologists.

Stereotype

A generalization of a group of people, commonly held public belief

Autism

A neurodevelopment disorder that occurs on a spectrum and affects one's social communication, 1 in 68, more prevalent in boys

Prejudice

A prejudgement or assumption of something/someone without knowledge

Defence Mechanisms

A way for the ego to protect the conscious mind from experiencing unpleasant feelings or thoughts

4 Main Fields of Psychology

Behaviourism, humanism, psychoanalysis, cognitive

Cognitive Psychology

Examines the mental processes in the brain to determine how we think, learn, perceive and remember.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Indulgence in plastic surgery, ex. Michael Jackson

Eating Disorders

Obsession with food, weight or appearance, ex. Anorexia, Bulimia

Carl Jung

Student of Freud who created concept of "collective unconscious" and archetypes

Preconscious Mind

Thoughts and memories that aren't immediately conscious but can be brought to mind

Conscious Mind

Thoughts we are aware of, ex. feelings, present perceptions, memories

Operant Conditioning

Type of learning that uses rewards and punishments, ex. B.F. Skinner's rats

Id

Unconscious- instincts, primitive feelings

Internalized Discrimination

What you grew up thinking about certain groups or people

Regression

When problems seem too big to handle, we may go back to behaviour from earlier in life like sulking or having tantrums.

Denial

When reality is too unpleasant so we ignore it.

Structural Discrimination

When social environments/situations expose people to negative things

Displacement

When we lash out at someone not involved because we have suppressed anger or frustration from an earlier situation.