Psychology

If you look up a phone number to the local theatre and are unable to write it down or rehearse it, how long do you have before this information fades from your short term memory?

30 seconds

the duration of short term memory is about

30 seconds

If you were trying to store a list of single digit numbers in your short term memory, about how many should you be able to store on average?

7

In the 1950s, George Miller showed that the capacity of short term memory is

7+/- bits of information

Very brief memory for visual material is known as

iconic sensory memory

If you use maintenance rehearsal to prepare for your next test in psychology, you probably will

not do well

You are watching a tape of your professors lecture. the door bell rings and you go to see who is there. assuming that you did not pay further attention to the lecture part you were watching, what will likely happen to the information?

the words will fade away forever

In the three stage model of memory, the second stage of memory is ____________________ memory

short - term

Short term memory uses a dual coding system for storing memories. This means that

short term memories are usually stored either acoustically or visually

Maintenance rehearsal is most closely associated with _______________ , while elaborative rehearsal is most closely associated with _______________ .

short term memory ; long term memory

iconic memory

sight

The duration and capacity of short term memory are best describes as

small in capacity and short in duration

Iconic sensory memory is most like a(n)

snapshot

Echoic sensory memory is most like a(n)

sound bit

Short - term memory is to _____________________, as long - term memory is to _____________________.

temporary; permanent

explicit memory

the conscious use of memory

memory traces

the stored code that represents a piece of information that has been encoded into memory

primacy effect

the tendency for people to recall words fro the beginning of a list better than the words that appeared in the middle of the list

recency effect

the tendency for people to recall words from the end of a list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list

implicit memory

the unconscious use of memory

Iconic memory is to ________________, as echoic memory is to _______________.

visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory

short term memories are encoded either __________________ or _____________________.

visually; acoustically

According to the three stages model of memory,

we keep all permanent memories in our long term memory

using the bookshelf analogy to explain the capacity of short term memory when you use chunking to increase that capacity

you are not actually changing the size of the bookshelf

semantic memory

long term declarative memory for conceptual information

when you attempt to remember the definition of implicit memory by repeating the definition over and over again, you are using _______________ rehearsal

maintenance

Which of the following is most true about maintenance rehearsal?

maintenance rehearsal can sometimes be effective in transferring information to long term memory

episodic memory

memory for the recent events in our lives

Maintenance rehearsal is

most effective in keeping memories in short term memory

Which of the following is true regarding chunking?

Chunking can increase the efficiency of short term memory, but as size of chunks increase, the number of chunks that can be stored effectively will decrease.

Which of the following is true regarding sensory memory?

Haptic sensory memory involves stimuli we touch

Your friend asks you if it is possible in the three stages model of memory for memories to go directly from sensory memory to long term memory. How should you answer?

No, the model says that information has to travel in sequence from one stage to the next

three stage model of memory

Sensory, short term, long term

If you are able to remember the words in this question as you are reading it, it is because memory for the words is most likely residing in your...?

Short - term memory

chunking

a means of using ones limited short term memory resources more efficiently by combining small bits of information to form larger bits of information, or chunks

short term memory

a system of memory that is limited in both capacity and duration; it is seem as the intermediate stage between sensory and long term memories.

sensory memories

a system of memory that very briefly stores sensory impressions so that e can extract relevant information form them for further processing

declarative memory

a type of long term memory encompassing memories that are easily verbalized, including episodic and semantic memories

schema

an organized, generalized knowledge structure in long term memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves trying to store something in long term memory by

associating it with something you already have stored in long term memory

maintenance rehearsal describes the

attempt to remember something by repeating it over and over

The process that determines which memory information gets transferred form sensory memory to short term memory is

attention

If we do not pay attention to sensory memories, they will most likely

be forgotten forever

Imagine that you are a subject in a study which you are asked to remember a sequence of 20 letters of the alphabet dictated to you at the rate of one letter every two seconds. Immediately after the dictation, you are asked to recall the original sequence of letters. Most likely the researcher is studying what aspect of memory?

capacity of short term memory

the phrase " 7 +/- 2 bits" describes the

capacity of short term memory

The ten digits of a persons telephone number may exceed the capacity of short term memory, but for most people a telephone number actually become three bits of information through a process called

chunking

even though a long series of digits may exceed the normal capacity of short term memory, it may still fit in your short term memory through a grouping process called

chunking

Imagine that you are participating in a research study in which you are shown a list of numbers and then immediately afterwards you are asked to recall as many of them as you can. Most likely he researcher is

duration of long term memory

When you are not paying attention to your teacher and then suddenly realize that something important may have been said, you are often able to hear what was just said by reflecting on your experience over the past couple of seconds. This is possible because of

echoic memory

If you prepare for your test on memory by relating the information to your grandfathers memory problems due to Alzheimer's disease, you are using ________________ rehearsal

elaborative

Maintenance rehearsal is most used for

extending the duration of short term memory

elaborative rehearsal

forming associations or links between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in long term memory so as to facilitate the transfer of this new information into long term memory.

If a new memory has made it to the short term memory stage, it has definitely been

given at least a slight amount of attention

Mila received a new DVD player that she is trying to connect to the back of her television by feel alone. The first stage of memorizing how to make the connection would be through

haptic sensory memory

Katrina picks up information through her echoic sensory memory. through which sense does Katrina process the information?

hearing

echoic sensory memory

hearing

The limited capacity of short term memory may be due to how neurons in the ______________ code and store information

hippocampus

hippocampus

part of the brain that plays a role in the transfer of information from short to long term memory

you have a phone number to a local pizza parlor in your iconic memory right now. what do you have to do with this information to move it to short term memory

pay attention to it

To more information from iconic sensory memory to short term memory, you must

pay attention to the information

Sensory memories help us to

process sensation long enough to send them on to short term memory

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information over and over again to keep it in short term memory for an extended period of time

A person without iconic memory probably would not be able to remember anything that he or she

saw

Echoic memories are type of

sensory memory

In the three stages model of memory, the briefest stage of memory is?

sensory memory

in the three stages model of memory, in which stage does encoding of the environment first occur?

sensory memory