Psychology A Unit 3: Lifespan Development

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what happens in the formal operational stage?

Children ages 12 years and older begin to think both logically and abstractly.

Lesson 9

Cognitive, Moral, and Lifespan Development

How is Carol Gilligan's theory of women's moral development different from Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply.

Kohlberg only tested male subjects. Gilligan focused on the importance of empathy and caring.

Lesson 11

Language Acquisition

What is overregularization?

applying grammatical rules consistently but incorrectly (for example, gived instead of gave)

In which stage of psychosocial development must children learn to make decisions in order to gain confidence and a sense of independence?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Because Piaget only tested his theory on wealthy European children, some psychologists believe his theory _[blank]_. Select all that apply.

cannot be applied to a larger population does not take into account the influence of society and culture

What is early language acquisition?

the development of skills used to express and understand speech

What do some believe that Piaget's theory of cognitive development ignored?

the importance of culture and society

What is the definition of psychosocial development?

the process of personality change and growth that is impacted by interactions with others

What is the definition of perception?

the way a person experiences and understands the world through the senses

Psychologists believe that adolescents typically engage in more risk-taking behaviors than those in older age groups because _[blank]_.

their prefrontal cortexes are not yet fully developed

Individuals in middle adulthood experience increased stress as the "sandwich generation" because _[blank]_.

they provide care for both younger and older generations

According to Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, how do children best learn? Select all that apply.

through guidance from a knowledgeable adult through social interactions with peers

Which are the names of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? Select all that apply.

trust versus mistrust autonomy versus shame and doubt

What is the typical age range for the physical period of adolescence?

12 to 18 years

Which statement describes the concept of overextension in language acquisition?

A child incorrectly applies one word to a larger category (for example, all men are called daddy).

Lesson 12

Adolescent Development

Lesson 13

Adult Development

Which statements describe Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply.

Each stage is linked to a specific age range. In each stage, there is an emotional task, or crisis, that must be resolved before moving on to the next stage.

Which statement best describes Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

It places great importance on the social context of learning.

Maria believes the dress code policy at her son's school is unfair to the female students at the school. If Maria is in the conventional stage of morality, what is she most likely to do?

Maria will stay quiet in order to get along and fit in with the other parents at her son's school.

Lesson 14

Multi-Unit Exam 1

Which theory of lifespan development divides cognitive development into stages called sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Lesson 10

Prenatal and Infant Development

What occurs during the embryonic stage of development? Select all that apply.

The midbrain, hindbrain, and forebrain areas form. The neural tube develops.

What occurs during the fetal stage of development? Select all that apply.

The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. The brain almost doubles in size

What physical abilities do children acquire between the ages of 0 to 2 years? Select all that apply.

They begin to develop hand-eye coordination, reaching purposefully for objects. They develop and improve fine motor skills, like buttoning and unbuttoning. They develop and refine gross motor skills, like running and jumping.

Which are preventable, potentially harmful influences during prenatal development? Select all that apply

exposure to chemicals, such as alcohol or tobacco infectious diseases, such as rubella or toxoplasmosis

Which factor is important to the development of perception in infants?

exposure to new experiences

What is the prefrontal cortex in adolescent brains responsible for?

decision-making and impulse control

Changes in the body can cause teens to develop _[blank]_.

eating disorders or depression

According to James Marcia's theory of identity statuses, enrolling in college or the military can provide opportunities for individuals to _[blank]_.

explore their identities before committing to one

Erik Erikson believed that adolescents must form a solid identity in order to _[blank]_.

form healthy relationships in the future

According to Jean Piaget's theory, adults are in the _[blank]_ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

What is cognitive development?

growth and change in thinking and mental processes over time

The concept of fast mapping helps psychologists explain _[blank]_.

how children add new words to their vocabulary at such a quick pace

James Marcia's theory describes which categories for adolescents? Select all that apply.

identity achievement, when individuals have explored identities and then commit to one identity moratorium, when individuals pause their search for identity in order to continue exploring

Match each term with its definition.

identity diffusion: state of confusion or uncertainty about one's self discontinuity: state of interruption or disconnection continuity: the state of being uninterrupted or connected stability: the state of being fixed or steadfast

What do psychologists believe can happen as the result of healthy attachment to a caregiver? Select all that apply.

improved physical health increased chance of survival

What factors are important for the development of intelligence? Select all that apply.

language stimulation exposure to new experiences

What physical development do adults typically experience as they get older?

loss of vision and hearing

Match the term with its definition.

overregularization: an error made during language acquisition in which general, larger rules of language are applied consistently but incorrectly (for example, a child says standed instead of stood) overextension: a common error in early language acquisition in which a word is used to represent more categories than it actually represents (for example, a child calls all large animals horse) underextension: a less common error in early language acquisition in which a word is restricted to represent only one thing and not the other members of the category it represents (for example, a child calls one cat cat but does not use that word for other cats) fast mapping: a cognitive process where children quickly learn a new word after limited exposure to that word (for example, learns the word for the color blue only after seeing it once)

Maria believes the dress code policy at her son's school is unfair to the female students at the school. She attends meetings and campaigns to try to get the policy changed. According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is Maria most likely in?

postconventional

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, people in which stage of morality choose to follow rules in order to avoid punishment?

preconventional

What physical changes typically occur in adolescence? Select all that apply.

rapid growth increase in hormones

Aging adults must increasingly _[blank]_.

rely on others

Infants and toddlers use _[blank]_ to learn about the world around them.

senses and motor skills

Match each term with its definition.

social development: growth and change in understanding of and relations with others over time cognitive development: growth and change in thinking and mental processes over time moral development: growth and change in values of right and wrong over time

Body image becomes a problem for many adolescents because _[blank]_. Select all that apply.

social pressure and bullying causes teens to want to try to conform they may become self-conscious about the rapid growth and change of their bodies

What do children do in the preoperational stage of cognitive development? Select all that apply.

understand that words and pictures can represent other things use pretend play and imagination

What are some reflexes that babies are born with but grow out of? Select all that apply.

when a baby's hand is stroked, the baby closes their fingers to grasp when startled by a loud noise, a baby throws back their head and pulls their arms and legs back in

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, when does identity diffusion occur?

when an individual is not exploring identities nor has committed to one

In order to complete the emotional task in the stage called initiative versus guilt, preschoolers must learn to do what?

xxx make simple decisions and direct social interactions, in order to develop a sense of independence xxx rely on others, in order to place trust in the world around them