PSYCHOLOGY

Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?

the investment model

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy?

Kohlberg's is a justice perspective; Gilligan's is care perspective

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.

Traits; states

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to which developmental task?

Trust vs. mistrust

A fear becomes a phobia when

an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.

A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.

maladaptive thoughts

Developmental psychologists use the term __________ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

nature

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

PTSD

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

a delusion

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

antisocial personality disorder

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

attitudes

Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

authoritarian

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality

biological

Genetic factors are stronger predictors of _____ than of _____.

bipolar disorder/depressive disorders

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes

In the context of human development, __________ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences.

nurture

Frank is seeing a therapist for his spider phobia. The therapist first teaches him muscle relaxation and then they develop a stimulus hierarchy. Frank is seeing a therapist who uses

systematic desensitization

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE?

American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.

_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Anorexia nervosa

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Anorexia nervosa

The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?

Borderline personality disorder

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)

The _____ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

_____ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

Effexor

_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.

Flat affect

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?

If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

Which of the following is true about Carol Gilligan's care perspective?

It views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?

Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

Which of the following is true about the concrete operational stage of reasoning?

One important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations

Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?

Psychodynamic therapies

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to two years is the _______________________ stage.

Sensorimotor

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of terotogens?

The effects of chemical terotogens depend on the timing of exposure.

What did Harry Haslow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment with baby monkeys?

The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying

affectionate love

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce

cognitive dissonance

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?

defense mechanisms

A man who believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of

delusion

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT

depression

Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from

depression

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

dissociative disorders

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that

empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.

Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?

extraversion

Trait theories of personality

focus on lasting personality characteristics.

A ____________ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.

gender schema

Individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to have _____ of perfectionism and _____ of self-efficacy.

high levels/low levels

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.

humanistic

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

humanistic perspective

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?

id

Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.

id; ego

In a study based on Tajfel's theory of social identity, Cathy is randomly assigned to Group A, and Sara is randomly assigned to Group B. When asked to award money to other study participants, both Cathy and Sara award money only to members of their own groups. This behavior is predicted by Tajfel's theory and best exemplifies

in-group favoritism

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

inability to take another person's perspective

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

intolerance

Catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

low levels of conscientiousness

The Americans with Disabilities Act

made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

Ever since Kerry lost her job, she has been feeling worthless. It's been more than two weeks now since she slept well. She has lost a lot of weight and keeps thinking about committing suicide. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Kerry is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

overt aggression

John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like fainting and has trouble catching his breath. John cannot identify the source of his feelings and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of

panic disorder

A parenting style wherein very few limits or boundaries are set and ample freedom is given to children most likely indicates a ________ parenting style.

permissive

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

personality

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

phallic stage

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite a change in shape

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT

reduced awareness

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression

the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is

repression

_____________ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

resilience

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

romantic love

Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

scaffolding

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

_____ theory is Daryl Bem's take on how behaviors influence attitudes.

self-perception

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression

Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity. Juan is said to have what type of temperament?

slow to warm up

Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for

smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol.

"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of

social comparison

What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?

sociocultural approach

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

specific phobia

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone

"Personology" refers to

the study of the whole person