Psychology Ch. 12 and 13

What is hoarding disorder possibly caused by?

A significant, traumatic loss in their life.

What is panic disorder?

Abrupt anxiety attack unrelated to specific objects or situations. Fear of suffocation

How are people diagnosed with panic disorder?

After multiple attacks

What is a unique symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

Muscle tension

What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?

Muscle tension, inability to relax, fidgeting, sweating, dry mouth, racing heart, lightheaded, frequent urinating, fatigue, sleep problems, sensitive to signs of threat

Is flooding a good treatment for hoarding disorder?

No. By throwing everything away it would make their condition worse

What is the fear in anxiety disorders?

Normal reaction to real or perceived threat

Comorbid

Occurs together. It coexists

What can acute stress disorder lead to?

PTSD

What occurs in the manic (elated) phase for bipolar disorder?

Show excessive excitement, poor judgement and speak rapidly, grandiose thoughts of feelings.

What are the depression symptoms in bipolar disorder?

Sleep more; insomnia; social withdrawal; irritability; attempt suicide

What is dissociative amnesia?

Sudden inability to recall important personal info.

What does the model assume?

That illnesses have physical or biological causes that can be identified and that people afflicted by them are to be cured through treatment or therapy.

What is the most widely used classification scheme for psychological disorders?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the Mental Disorders by the American Psychiatric Association

What if? Persistent anxiety that's not attributed to an object, situation or activity. Free floating-worrying about numerous stressors

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Repeated, unexpected

What is the main symptom of panic disorder?

Grandiosity

What is the primary symptom of narcissistic PD?

There is no treatment

What is the treatment for antisocial PD?

3-4%

What percentage of adults are affected by agoraphobia?

When is someone classified with anxiety disorders?

When anxiety occurs without external justification (it affects daily functioning)

In childhood or adolescence

When does a DSM disorder usually begin?

When does acute stress disorder occur?

Within a month of the event and lasts 2 days-4 weeks

When does the average panic attack peak?

Within ten minutes or less

Can you experience PTSD if they did not directly experience it?

Yes; called vicarious traumatization

Does anxiety have natural selection?

Yes; there's an advantage to fear

What is acrophobia and what is it an example of?

fear of heights; a specific phobia

What is dissociative identity disorder?

"Multiple personality disorder". 2 or more identities/personalities with distinct traits/memories "occupy" same person.

Criteria of psychological disorders

1.Psychological dysfunction: behavioral, sweating, hallucinations, could have cognitive amnesia, depression, emotional, symptoms are relative to age and other conditions. 2. Personal distress/functional impairment. Means symptoms must have a negative effect to be diagnosed. 3. Atypical/deviating from the average. It must be outside of the norm.

How many will experience a psychological disorder in any given year?

1/4

How old do you need to be to be diagnosed with antisocial PD?

18 because it takes time to develop personality before it solidifies.

What percent is affected by major depressive disorder?

5-7 % affected in US

What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder?

An anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) and irresistible to urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety (compulsions)

What is body dysmorphic disorder

An individual is preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects

What are the major subtypes of anxiety disorders?

Animals (most common), Natural environment (heights, water), Blood-injection-injury, Situational (planes, elevators), Other (closed spaces, clowns)

What is frequently comorbid with other disorders?

Anxiety disorders

What is the most prevalent type of disorder and how many have it?

Anxiety disorders. 25% have one.

What disorders tend to run in families?

Anxiety disorders; identical twins are more likely than fraternal, adoptees are likely to be like biological parents and not adopted.

diathesis-stress model

Assumes there may be biological differences between individuals that explain why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress. Biologically predisposed to developing model. Response to a particular stressor.

The Demonological Disorder

Attributed unusual behavior and psychological disorders to demons.

What is the #1 cause of PTSD?

Automobile accidents

What is the medical model

Began to view psychological disorders as diseases of the mind.

What is the central fear of social anxiety disorder and what does it come from?

Being observed doing something embarrassing. It comes from anticipation.

Biopsychosocial

Bio+social+psychological. It's a combination of everything.

What disorder results in a drop of heart rate and blood pressure?

Blood-injection-injury

What is the most treatable personality disorder?

Borderline

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Breaks rules without thinking of consequences and have no empathy for others. Engage in high risk behavior.

How do adults express major depression?

By internalizing it.

When can PTSD occur?

Can occur months or years after the event.

What is conversion disorder

Characterized by a major change in/loss of physical functioning with no medical findings to explain it. They are susceptible to being hypnotized-form of self hypnosis.

What is acute stress disorder?

Characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness caused by a traumatic event.

What is hoarding disorder?

Feeling an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them. They don't see what they are doing as irrational.

Moods

Feeling states that color psychological lives

What is the cognitive etiology of anxiety disorders?

Cognitive bias towards threat. Thinking bias towards it.

What are somatoform disorders?

Complain of physical problems like paralysis, pain or belief they have serious disease.

How do people with OCD alleviate their anxiety?

Compulsions

What do behaviorists consider phobias to be?

Conditioned fears acquired in early childhood or observational learning.

Contemporary psychological models

Diathesis-stress model and biopsychosocial model

Borderline Personality Disorder

Difficulty developing a secure self-identity. Tend to rely on relationships with others to define their identity. Feel empty and alone.

What was William's disorder?

Dissociative identity disorder

What are the types of dissociative disorder?

Dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization disorder

What symptoms must someone with major depression have?

Dsyphoria (sadness) and anhedonia (loss of pleasure response)

When did The Medical Model occur?

During the Age of Reason

What is social anxiety disorder?

Excessive fears of social situations where individual is exposed to scrutiny of others or do something humiliating or embarrassing

Specific phobias

Excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations

What are the symptoms of panic disorder?

Experience of strong, cardiac-related sensations: shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors, pounding heart.

Biopsychosocial model

Explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of biological vulnerabilities, psychological factors such as exposure to stress and sociocultural factors (family relationships and cultural beliefs)

What is agoraphobia and what is it an example of?

Fear of marketplace; fear of busy, open areas; a specific phobia

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Feelings of superiority over others. Preoccupation of success and power even if they lie about it. Need for constant admiration, Feel entitled to special favors. No problem exploiting others. Difficulty realizing how others feel. Typically cause distress to others-causes functional impairment.

What is the biological etiology of anxiety disorders?

Genetic factors.

What are anxiety disorders?

Have psychological and physical symptoms

By acting out. They externalize it

How do children express major depression?

1/2

How many people will meet criteria for a DSM disorder?

What are illness anxiety disorders?

Insist they are suffering from a serious physical illness.

What is the phobia in anxiety disorders?

Irrational fear of object, activity or situation.

How is a phobia maintained and how do you treat it?

Maintained by negative reinforcement and treated by exposure.

What is bipolar disorder

Manic-depressive disorder. Have mood swings from ecstatic elation-deep depression. Unrelated to external events.

What is the behavioral etiology of anxiety disorders?

Phobias are conditioned fears. Anxiety can come from observational learning or even from hearing it.

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Poor appetite, weight loss, agitation, psychomotor retardation, unable to concentrate/ make decisions, some attempt suicide,

What are the 3 major symptoms of PTSD?

Re-experience event, emotional numbing (describe without showing feelings or being detached) and hypervigilance-generalization; extreme reactions to events similar to trauma.

What is Post traumatic stress disorder?

Realistic nightmares, characterized by rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety and helplessness

What are the obsessions of OCD?

Recurrent thoughts, images or impulses

What are the physical symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Reflect arousal of sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system: trembling, sweating, racing heart, elevated bp and faintness

How does DSM describe generalized anxiety disorder?

Relative, constant worry for at least 6 months

What are the compulsions of OCD?

Repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals (behaviors, reduce anxiety)

How is OCD treated?

Response prevention (prevent from engaging in compulsion) or medication

What usually occurs to people with antisocial PD?

They usually die young or become incarcerated.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Thinks someone is out to get them. Will expect someone to cheat on them for example.

What creates anxiety in OCD?

Thoughts of the obsession

Type of anxiety disorder

What are phobias?

Paranoid, Narcisstic, Antisocial and Borderline

What are the 4 most common personality disorders?

Human treatment

What did the medical model encourage?

Borderline Personality Disorder

What disorder: may form intense, sudden, one-sided relationships and have a difficult time with therapy because they become angry and drop their therapist.

Helps people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind.

What does dissociative disorders help to do?

A specific phobia

What is claustrophobia an example of?

Experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves, or the world is unreal.

What is depersonalization-derealization disorder?

psychological disorders

behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning

What are personality disorders?

inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that lead to functional impairment. They are hard to treat.

What is dissociative disorder

mental processes like thoughts, emotions, memory, consciousness, etc. are split off from one another

What is PTSD caused by?

traumatic event revisited in form of intrusive memories, recurrent dreams and flashbacks. Try to avoid thoughts and activities connected to the traumatic event.

What are the psychological symptoms of anxiety disorders?

worrying, fear of worst, fear of losing control, nervousness, inability to relax