Psychology Ch 2
A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
longitudinal
Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?
naturalistic observation
Double-blind
neither the experimenter nor the participants know the value of the independent variable.
Naturalistic observation
observing behavior in its natural setting without interference.
A negative correlation means ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.
placebo effect
No relationship
points scattered randomly, variable 1 and 2 not related.
________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
reliability
Archival research
relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.
Values/relationship
+ values indicate + relationship - values indicate - relationship zero value indicates no relationship
Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?
+0.2
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
theory
Correlation coefficient
# between -1 and +1 that tells us how two things are related
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
-0.5
Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?
-0.9
On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________.
a strong correlation
________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.
archival
________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.
attrition
Cross-sectional research
compare multiple segments of the population at the same time.
Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.
replication
Experiment
study where researcher manipulates one variable to determine the effect on another variable.
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Case study
Study of single individual, group, specimen.
Positive relationship
As variable 1 increases, variable 2 increases; as variable 1 decreases, variable 2 decreases
Placebo group
Group given inactive substance that can be confused with the Independent variable
In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age
Naturalistic Observation
Use multiple observers to test inter-rater reliability: consistency of observations by different observers
Negative relationship
Variable 1 increases as variable 2 decreases.
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding variable
Longitudinal research
data-gathering is done repeatedly over an extended period of time
A major advantage of case studies is ________.
detailed information
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
double-blind
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?
experimental
Single-blind
experimenter knows value of the independent variable (ex. amount of alcohol given), but the participants do not.
Control (no treatment) Group
group given "zero" amount of independent variable.
Experimental (treatment) group
group given non-zero amount of independent variable.
An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.
high; low
________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure
validity
Dependent Variable
variable (ex. behavior) affected by the independent variable.
independent Variable
variable changed or manipulated.
Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
Surveys
questions answered by research participants
Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
type of play; no play
