Psychology Ch 5&6, Psychology Ch 9&10, Psy Chapter 11&12, Psy Chapter 13&14

In the context of the psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence? a. It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right. b. It refers to the focused interest that some individuals have in influencing others. c. It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be liked by them. d. It refers to how people resist authority when they feel their authority is being threatened.

It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right.

Identify a true statement about Walter Cannon and A. L. Washburn's classic experiment on hunger.

It revealed a close association between stomach contractions and hunger.

The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the

James-Lange theory of emotion.

_______ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

Latent learning

The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is

"Use it or lose it."

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), they must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least

2 weeks.

In the context of the human sexual response pattern, orgasm lasts for only about

3 to 15 seconds.

Health experts recommend that adults engage in at least ________ minutes of moderate physical activity preferably every day of the week, and that children exercise for ________ minutes daily.

30; 60

The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately ________ percent of the time.

35

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term memory is between ________ units of information.

5 and 9

Results of behavioral genetics twin studies suggest that heritability estimates for the big five personality factors are about

50 percent.

Approximately ______ percent of people who die by suicide are estimated to have a diagnosable psychological disorder.

90

________ is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

Abnormal behavior

Which of the following is widely recognized as a pioneer who brought attention to sexual behavior? a. Walter Cannon b. Stanley Schachter c. Alfred Kinsey d. Jerome Singer

Alfred Kinsey

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE? a. American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder. b. Theories of the origins of panic attack take into account biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. c. Lactate, which plays a role in brain metabolism, has been found to be elevated in individuals with panic disorder. d. Panic disorder is associated with neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and GABA.

American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.

________ is a type of self-report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different on the variable one wants to measure.

An empirically keyed test

________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Anorexia nervosa

________ is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Anorexia nervosa

________ are powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in people who have a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic drugs

________ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Antisocial personality disorder

________ are disabling, uncontrollable, and disruptive psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

Anxiety disorders

________ is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Applied behavior analysis

________ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Applied behavior analysis

In observational learning, the first process that must occur is

Attention

________ is a psychological disorder, commonly diagnosed in childhood, in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent problems in sustaining attention and difficulty engaging in quiet activities for a prolonged period.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Aversive conditioning

________ is the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.

Behavioral genetics

_______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses.

Behaviorism

________ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

Bipolar disorder

________ is an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.

Body dysmorphic disorder

________ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

Borderline personality disorder

According to contemporary relationship research, which of the following statements about mate selection is true? a. The way both people feel at the beginning of relationship is paramount to a healthy long-lasting relationship. b. Both genders are interested in finding partners who are warm and trustworthy. c. Women prefer partners who are younger than them and good looking. d. Men prefer mates with economic resources.

Both genders are interested in finding partners who are warm and trustworthy.

________ is an eating disorder in which a person consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Bulimia nervosa

According to the ________, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Cannon-Bard theory

_______ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning helps to explain ________, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Classical conditioning helps to explain ________, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

________ is the area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders.

Clinical psychology

________ therapies emphasize that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to change the person's feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts.

Cognitive

________ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Cognitive dissonance

_______ refers to the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in associations among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

Connectionism

________ refers to managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.

Coping

________ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

Counterconditioning

________ is a technique in cognitive therapy.

Decatastrophize

________ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

Depression

The ________ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

_______ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

________ is a defense mechanism that involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.

Displacement

_______ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

________ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

Dissociative disorders

_______ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder

________ is a disorder in which an individual has two or more distinct personalities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

________ pertains to a psychological state, whereas ________ involves a physiological state.

Drive; need

_______ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas ________ refers to visual sensory memory.

Echoic memory; iconic memory

________ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. a. Effexor b. Paxil c. Zoloft d. Prozac

Effexor

________ refers to rationalizing the amount of work we put into getting something by increasing its value.

Effort justification

________ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Egoism

_______ of information is linked with neural activity in the left frontal lobe of the brain.

Elaboration

________ refers to the formation of several different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Elaboration

________ entails responding to the stress that one is feeling without confronting the root problem.

Emotion-focused coping

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are all part of ________ processes.

Encoding

________ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

Encoding

In the context of memory retrieval, the ________ states that information present at the time of encrypting or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue.

Encoding specific principle

________ are produced mainly by the ovaries. _______ are produced by the testes in male children and adults and by the adrenal glands in all people.

Estrogens; Androgens

________ is the integration of the best available research with the therapist's clinical expertise and the client's characteristics, culture, and preferences.

Evidence-based practice

Which of the following is true about exercise? a. Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health. b. Exercise that stimulates heart and lung functioning is known as muscle-strengthening exercise. c. Exercise designed to strengthen muscles is referred to as aerobic exercise. d. Exercise typically increases levels of anxiety.

Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.

________ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. ________ has to do with remembering how.

Explicit memory; Implicit memory

_______ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Extinction

________ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion

Flat affect

_______ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Generalization

Which of the following statements about the causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is true? a. There appear to be no biological underpinnings of either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. b. Sociocultural factors, such as media images of thin women, are the central determinants of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. c. Genes play a substantial role in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. d. Cultural factors are the primary cause of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Genes play a substantial role in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

________ is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is caused by a virus.

Genital herpes

Who is considered the "founder of American personality psychology"? a. Carl Rogers b. Albert Bandura c. Gordon Allport d. Alfred Adler

Gordon Allport

________ refers to a sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional.

Group therapy

________ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Groupthink

In the context of psychological constraints, Carol Dweck (2017) studied first-year pre-med majors taking their first chemistry class in college. Identify a result of the study. a. Growth-mindset students typically read and reread the text and class notes or tried to memorize everything verbatim. b. Fixed-mindset students were studying to learn, whereas growth-mindset students were studying to get a good grade. c. Growth-mindset students got higher grades than did fixed-mindset students. d. Fixed-mindset students took charge of their motivation and learning.

Growth-mindset students got higher grades than did fixed-mindset students.

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy, H.M. underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured, but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory? a. H.M.'s procedural memory suffered the most damage. b. H.M. showed major deficits in sensory, short-term, and long-term implicit memory. c. H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory. d. H.M. could not learn new physical tasks.

H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory

________ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. ________ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

Hallucinations; Delusions

________ is a subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining fitness and preventing and treating illness.

Health psychology

______ are specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change.

Implementation intentions

_______ refers to memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

Implicit memory

________ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

Implicit memory

________ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

Insight learning

How does the HEXACO model differ from the five-factor model of personality? a. It does not include neuroticism as a personality factor. b. It is not a trait approach to personality. c. It ignores both moral and immoral behavior. d. It breaks agreeableness into two different traits.

It breaks agreeableness into two different traits.

Which of the following is true of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? a. It was created by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae. b. It is a famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine their personality. c. It is the most extensively used measure around the world to assess personality and predict outcomes. d. It is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about a person's unconscious motivations.

It is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about a person's unconscious motivations.

_______ is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

Long-term memory

________ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.

Mania

________ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.

Memory

_____ is characterized by eating until one has finished a portion (no matter how large) or not paying attention to the sheer amount one has consumed.

Mindless eating

Which of the following is true of obesity in the United States? a. A small minority of U.S. adults are classified as overweight or obese. b. Obesity is not considered a significant health risk. c. The percentage of people who are classified as obese is decreasing. d. More than 40 percent of Americans are affected by obesity.

More than 40 percent of Americans are affected by obesity.

________, the third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating a model's actions.

Motor reproduction

Suicide attempts vary across ethnic groups. More than 20 percent of which of the following adolescent groups reported that they had attempted suicide in the previous year? a. Asian American/Pacific Islander males b. African American males c. non-Latino white females d. Native American/Alaska Native females

Native American/Alaska Native females

________ are recurrent thoughts, and ________ are recurrent behaviors.

Obsessions; compulsions

In Freud's view, ________ is a boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

Oedipus complex

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in

Operant conditioning

refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Person perception

_______ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way a person adapts to the world.

Personality

________ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Positive illusions

________ refers to a disorder that develops through exposure to a disturbing or distressing event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

________ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

Prejudice

________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Preparedness

________ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

Priming

________ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.

Problem-focused coping

Which of the following is true of the potential causes of schizophrenia? a. Biological factors play a very small role in the development of schizophrenia. b. The differences between the brains of healthy individuals and those with schizophrenia are significant. c. A lack of synaptic pruning has been suggested as a cause of schizophrenia. d. Problems regulating the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia.

Problems regulating the neurotransmitter dopamine play a role in schizophrenia.

______ are medical doctors who specialize in treating psychological disorders.

Psychiatrists

________ is Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing a person's unconscious conflicts.

Psychoanalysis

________ are called insight therapies because they encourage self-awareness as the path to psychological health.

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies

________ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality

Psychosis

________ refers to a nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

Psychotherapy

________ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

Punishment

_______ refers to ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.

Referential thinking

________ is a technique used in client-centered therapy in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client.

Reflective speech

________ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.

Repression

________ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

Retroactive interference

________ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic love

________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

________ is the power of belief in yourself.

Self-efficacy

Which of the following is true of self-help support groups? a. Self-help support groups provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release. b. Self-help support groups specialize in family therapy. c. Self-help support groups are conducted by a professional therapist. d. Self-help support groups are beneficial only to high-income groups as they are relatively expensive.

Self-help support groups provide members with a sympathetic audience for social sharing and emotional release.

________ theory is Daryl Bem's take on how behaviors influence attitudes.

Self-perception

________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Self-serving bias

________ refers to the memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory memory

________ refers to a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Short-term memory

________ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social identity

_______ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

Social phobia

________ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social psychology

_______ are defined as noticeable bodily changes that either are very distressing or interfere with a person's functioning along with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about those bodily changes.

Somatic symptom and related disorders

________ is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Specific phobia

_______ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on others' negative generalizations about the group to which they belong.

Stereotype threat

_______ is a person's assessment of their own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of their life in general. a. Self-efficacy b. Unconditional positive regard c. Subjective well-being d. An archetype

Subjective well-being

________ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Sustained attention

________ is a form of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations.

Systematic desensitization

________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

_______ consists of a series of pictures, each on an individual card or slide. The test taker is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described, the characters' thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out. a. The Thematic Apperception Test b. The Draw-a-Person test c. The Blacky pictures test d. The Rorschach inkblot test

The Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following is the most widely accepted explanation for the effectiveness of neuroleptics as antipsychotic drugs? a. They affect the receptor sites of neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety. b. They help in regulating mood. c. They affect dopamine and dopamine pathways in the brain. d. They help alleviate depressed mood through their effects on serotonin.

They affect dopamine and dopamine pathways in the brain.

_______ are enduring characteristics of our personality. ________ are briefer depictions of our personalities

Traits; States

______ has become more common way to affect the brain than electroconvulsive therapy. It seeks to treat depression and other disorders by using a magnet to target certain areas of the brain.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

________ treat depression by increasing the level of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Tricyclics

According to Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman, which of the following behavior patterns is exhibited by people with a cluster of behavioral characteristics, such as being relaxed and easygoing, that is related to a low incidence of heart disease? a. Type D behavior pattern b. Type B behavior pattern c. Type A behavior pattern d. Type H behavior pattern

Type B behavior pattern

The ________ describes individuals who are generally distressed, frequently experience negative emotions, and are socially inhibited.

Type D behavior pattern

The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists? a. Albert Bandura b. Henry Murray c. Sigmund Freud d. Walter Mischel

Walter Mischel

Which of the following defines conformity? a. the ability of a person to overcome a social influence b. a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard c. behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority d. unselfish interest in helping another person

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

According to Thomas Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicide, what two factors are involved in suicide? a. unlimited resources and previous exposure to suicide b. cultural acceptance of suicide and depression c. a genetic predisposition and a tolerance for pain d. a desire to die and the acquired capability for suicide

a desire to die and the acquired capability for suicide

In operant conditioning, learning is more efficient, especially in nonhuman animals, when the interval between a behavior and its consequence is a. several days. b. 10 to 20 minutes. c. unknown. c. a few seconds.

a few seconds.

How long does information last in sensory memory?

a fraction of a second to several seconds

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT a. a history of manic episodes. b. trouble sleeping or sleeping too much. c. significant weight gain or loss. d. reduced interest or pleasure in all or most activities.

a history of manic episodes.

A number of studies have linked religious participation to

a longer and healthier life.

In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, ________ was used as an unconditioned response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.

a loud noise

A fear becomes a phobia when

a person will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.

In ________, social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

In the context of personality characteristics, ________ is associated with taking the right steps toward a long, healthy life.

a sense of personal control

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning? a. attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement b. unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response c. acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination d. attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination

a. attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement.

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer? a. food b. money c. attention d. praise

a. food

Which of the following is sometimes called incidental learning because it "just happens" as a result of experience and happens even without reinforcement? a. latent learning b. learned helplessness c. avoidance learning d. insight learning

a. latent learning

Which of the following terms is used by Carol Dweck (2012, 2017) to describe the way people's beliefs about ability dictate what goals they set for themselves, what they think they can learn, and ultimately what they do learn? a. mindset b. personality c. body language d. attitude

a. mindset

Which of the following occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later? a. proactive interference b. elaboration c. transference d. motivated forgetting

a. proactive interference

Which of the following involves memory for skills? a. procedural memory b. schema c. semantic memory d. working memory

a. procedural memory

In operant conditioning, a. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the behavior's occurrence. b. neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses. c. behavior is a consequence of the conditioned stimulus (CS). d. which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus.

a. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

_______ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

acquisition

According to the stages of change model, during the ________ stage, individuals commit to making a real behavioral change and enact a plan for effective change.

action/willpower

In the stages of change model, the ________ stage is immediately followed by the maintenance stage.

action/willpower

Which of the following most likely occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near? a. affectionate love b. romantic love c. reciprocity d. altruism

affectionate love

Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic relationships? a. openness to experience b. agreeableness c. extraversion d. conscientiousness

agreeableness

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome? a. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion b. alarm, resistance, and challenge c. challenge, frustration, and exhaustion d. primary appraisal, alarm, secondary appraisal

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Which of the following features of group therapy involves group members supporting one another with advice and sympathy and learning that they have something to offer others? a. altruism b. reframing c. universality d. popularity

altruism

Which of the following is a feature of group therapy? a. self-efficacy b. altruism c. self-actualization d. transference

altruism

Jung used the term ________ to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term ________ to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

anima; animus

Tranquilizers are ________ drugs.

antianxiety

In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for a. schizophrenia. b. dissociative amnesia. c. antisocial personality disorder. d. anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

anxiety disorders and eating disorders.

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used for treating

anxiety disorders.

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains a. the id. b. self-actualization. c. archetypes. d. positive regard.

archetypes.

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called

associative learning.

An individual's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how the individual feels about the world refers to

attitudes.

Which of the following refers to the inferences that we make in order to explain the causes of others' behavior? a. perception b. attribution c. validation d. deindividuation

attribution

Attractive people are generally assumed to have a variety of positive characteristics. According to research, which of the following is key aspect in people's determination of facial attractiveness?

averageness

Three of the following are practiced by people who have lost weight and been able to keep it off. Which of the following is NOT something that someone who has been able to maintain their weight loss practices?

avoiding the scale

________ is considered a secondary reinforcer. a. Water b. Money c. Sexual satisfaction d. Food

b. Money

Which of the following classes of drugs are NOT considered antidepressants? a. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors b. tricyclics c. benzodiazepines c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

benzodiazepines

The ________ approach is evident in the medical model.

biological

The ________ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

biological

In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, the ________ attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes.

biological approach

Which of the following treatments reduces or eliminates the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning? a. cognitive-behavioral therapies b. humanistic therapies c. biological therapies d. psychotherapies

biological therapies

Therapy integrations are conceptually compatible with the ________ model of abnormal behavior.

biopsychosocial

Lithium is commonly used to treat

bipolar disorder.

Genetic factors are stronger predictors of ________ than predictors of ________.

bipolar disorder; depressive disorders

The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone is known as the

bystander effect.

Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors rather than involuntary behaviors? a. learning b. latent learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

c. operant conditioning

Latent learning is a. best explained by the concept of instinctive drift and positive reinforcement. b. highly susceptible to extinction. c. unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. d. based on insight and generalizations.

c. unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, girls in the phallic stage experience a. the Oedipus complex. b. castration anxiety. c. castration completed. d. unconditional positive regard.

castration completed.

The release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience is known as

catharsis.

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the ________ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

central executive

The cerebellum and ________ play an important role in implicit memory.

cerebral cortex

The immune system and the central nervous system both rely on ________ mediators for communication.

chemical

One of the most common compulsions exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive

cleaning.

In the context of psychotherapy, ________ is a form of humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive interpersonal context to improve the client's self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems.

client-centered therapy

Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided,

clients have better treatment outcomes.

What is the most common form of therapy used today? a. cognitive behavior therapy b. classical conditioning c. client-centered therapy d. psychoanalysis

cognitive behavior therapy

In the context of cognitive therapies, ________ is a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion.

cognitive restructuring

According to Jung, the deepest, transpersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the a. primal memory. b. id. c. normative unconscious. d. collective unconscious.

collective unconscious.

Which of the following refers to the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person? a. generality b. comorbidity c. specificity d. mutation

comorbidity

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

The Type A behavior pattern is defined by a cluster of characteristics, including being excessively

competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile.

Which type of sex education most effectively delays sexual activity and prevents teen pregnancy?

comprehensive sex education programs

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ________ to condition Albert.

conditioned stimulus

According to Carl Rogers, the standards people must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others are called a. humours. b. archetypes. c. conditions of worth. d. illusory conjunctions.

conditions of worth.

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates

conformity.

Which of the five factors of personality shares the strongest relationship to longevity? a. openness to experience b. conscientiousness c. extraversion d. agreeableness

conscientiousness

The big five factors of personality are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and

conscientiousness.

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

conscious experience.

In the context of the connectionist network perspective of memory, the process by which interconnected networks are formed is called

consolidation.

In the context of the stages of change model, in the ________ stage, individuals acknowledge their problem behavior but may not be ready to commit to change.

contemplation

In the context of memory retrieval, ________ is described as a process in which people remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same circumstances in which they learned it.

context-dependent memory

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ means that the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time—even a mere fraction of a second.

contiguity

________ means that the conditioned stimulus (CS) must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus (US) closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus (US) is on its way.

contingency

A key hormone shared by the central nervous system and the immune system is ________, which is produced in the hypothalamus and unites the stress and immune responses.

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

In the context of the sociocultural approaches to the treatment of psychological disorders, ________ refers to a therapist's assessment of their abilities to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client's perception of those abilities.

cross-cultural competence

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical? a. sensory memory b. implicit memory c. nondeclarative memory d. episodic memory

d. episodic memory

Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory? a. implicit memory b. working memory c. sensory memory d. explicit memory

d. explicit memory

Chunking involves a. immediately forgetting relevant information. b. quickly scanning information for relevant details. c. using Miller's framework for memory retrieval. d. reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller more meaningful units.

d. reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller more meaningful units.

According to ________, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates.

decay theory

Which of the following refers to the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated?

declarative memory

What technique was initially developed to treat Parkinson's disease but is now used to treat people with treatment-resistant depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder? a. deep brain stimulation b. frontal lobotomies c. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. electroconvulsive therapy

deep brain stimulation

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization? a. cognitive restructuring b. deep relaxation c. dream analysis d. hypnosis

deep relaxation

Which of the following terms refers to the strategies that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality? a. ego wellness b. hysteria c. fixation d. defense mechanisms

defense mechanisms

The mayhem on the streets of Boston after the Red Sox won the World Series is an example of

deindividuation.

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as

deindividuation.

Walter Mischel's theory of personality is centered in his work on a. delay of gratification. b. individual psychology. c. the collective unconscious. d. the superego.

delay of gratification.

The ________ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

Cancer patients show ________ activity in the blood.

diminished natural killer cell (NK-cell)

Which of the following refers to an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group? a. deindividuation b. discrimination c. priming d. social loafing

discrimination

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target? a. displacement b. sublimation c. fixation d. repression

displacement

Extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress is referred to as

dissociative amnesia.

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder? a. schizophrenia b. dissociative amnesia c. dissociative fugue d. dissociative identity disorder

dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion? a. serotonin b. GABA c. dopamine d. acetylcholine

dopamine

A(n) ________ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

drive

According to Carl Rogers, who developed the client-centered therapy, which of the following is an essential element that humans require to grow? a. criticism b. empathy c. conditional positive regard d. conservativeness

empathy

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of a(n) ________ test of personality.

empirically keyed self-report

According to Canadian cognitive psychologist Endel Tulving, ________ is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.

episodic memory

From the perspective of social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is

equity.

Which of the following is a crucial concept in Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development? a. archetypes b. collective unconscious c. self-actualization d. erogenous zones

erogenous zones

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

ethnocentrism.

Microaggressions are ______ and ______ acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups

everyday; subtle

Ethology describes motivation from a(n)

evolutionary perspective.

In the context of the human sexual response pattern, the ________ begins the process of erotic responsiveness.

excitement phase

What is the correct order of the human sexual response pattern?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, serious wear and tear takes a toll on individuals during the ________ stage.

exhaustion

According to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), serious, possibly irreversible damage to the body, such as heart attack or death, is likely to occur during the

exhaustion stage.

In the context of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, if the body's all-out effort to combat stress fails and the stress persists, the individual moves into the

exhaustion stage.

Tolman said that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, an organism acquires certain

expectations.

The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in ________ memory.

explicit

An optimistic attributional style explains the causes of bad events as ________, whereas pessimists explain them as ________.

external, unstable, and specific; internal, stable, and global

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the ________ principle.

reality

The ________ is the observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

false consensus effect

Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in

family therapy.

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT a. feeling emotionally charged. b. impulsive outbursts of behavior. c. flashbacks. d. difficulties with memory and concentration.

feeling emotionally charged.

The ______ approach to therapy requires that we place people in the context of social expectations and power.

feminist informed

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as

flashbulb memory.

In the context of psychodynamic therapies, ________ is a psychoanalytic technique that involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

free association

Deficits in the functioning of the ________ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobes of the brain

In operant conditioning, ________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

Up to 70 percent of the differences in obesity between people can be explained by

genetics.

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a collective discussion or interaction is known as the

group polarization effect.

The often preventable differences in physical and psychological functioning that are experienced by socially disadvantaged groups are referred to as which of the following? a. transcendence b. cognitive appraisals c. the biopsychosocial model d. health disparities

health disparities

The primary goal of which field is to help people change their lifestyle to optimize their health and to assist them in achieving balance in physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health and wellness?

health promotion

According to the concept of ________, any aspect of life that enhances our positive feelings is likely to do so for only a short period of time.

hedonic treadmill

People with bulimia nervosa tend to have ________ of perfectionism and ________ of self-efficacy.

high levels; low levels

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

homeostasis

Research has linked suicide to which of the following types of culture? a. religious cultures b. non-material cultures c. collectivistic cultures d. honor cultures

honor cultures

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

how memory functions at the neuron level.

In the context of psychotherapy, ________ are treatments that uniquely emphasize people's self-healing capacities and that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally.

humanistic therapies

Which body system in Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model is responsible for regulating various body processes, including digestion, immune-system responses, emotion, and energy expenditure? a. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) b. plasma immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) c. systemic glucagon regulation (SGR) d. β-endorphin and prolactin (PRL)

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

hypothalamus.

Freud developed psychoanalysis to work with patients who had physical symptoms that had no physical cause, which was otherwise referred to as a. hysteria. b. reinforcement sensitivity. c. compensation. d. ego.

hysteria.

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs a. during a time when most children are experiencing toilet training. b. during infancy. c. immediately after the phallic stage. d. in adolescence and adulthood.

immediately after the phallic stage.

Classical conditioning can produce ________, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

immunosuppression

Which of the following is one of the three main symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? a. hypersensitivity b. impulsivity c. diligence d. irritability

impulsivity

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

individual psychology.

The tendency of animals to revert to intuitive behavior that interferes with learning is called

instinctive drift.

Which of the following plays a role in glucose control?

insulin

In the context of psychotherapy, ________ refers to using a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist's judgment of the method that will provide the greatest benefit for the client.

integrative therapy

In the context of memory retrieval failure, ________ refers to the idea that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference theory

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

internal and external causes

Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as their traits and abilities, are called

internal attributions.

In the context of classifying emotions, which of the following is an example of a low-arousal negative emotion?

irritation

According to Freudian dream analysis, the unconscious, hidden aspects that are symbolized by the manifest content of dreams refers to the ________ content.

latent

The ________ is involved in stimulating eating.

lateral hypothalamus

Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called ________, in which an organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

learned helplessness

In humans, ________ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.

leptin

The chemical substance ________, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure.

leptin

Which of the following chemical substances decreases food intake and increases metabolism?

leptin

The main medical treatment for bipolar disorder is

lithium.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, information can last up to a lifetime in

long-term memory.

A person suffering from retrograde amnesia will

lose past memories and the ability to acquire new memories will remain unaffected.

Antisocial personality disorder has been associated with

low levels of prefrontal activation.

Suicide is correlated with which of the following biological factors? a. low levels of serotonin b. less activation in the prefrontal cortexin c. creased levels of dopamine d. low levels of autonomic nervous system arousal

low levels of serotonin

The Americans with Disabilities Act a. was designed to eliminate the cultural stereotypes of people with psychological disorders. b. made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions. c. made it illegal to hold social stigmas against those with psychological disorders. d. was designed to provide additional healthcare coverage to people with psychological disorders who were stereotyped as violent.

made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.

Which of the following is the final stage in the stages of change model? a.maintenance b. contemplation c. action/willpower d. preparation/determination

maintenance

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is

major depressive disorder.

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive.

In the context of dream analysis, ________ refers to the conscious, remembered aspects of a dream.

manifest content

In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, the ________ describes psychological disorders as diseases with a biological origin.

medical model

The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before is known as the

mere exposure effect.

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) ________ disorder.

mood

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus, a. motivated forgetting is a poor treatment for overcoming traumatic events. b. most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something. c. motivated forgetting is a good treatment for overcoming traumatic events. d. most forgetting occurs long after we originally learned something.

most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.

Which of the following do people use to protect themselves from memories of painful, stressful, or otherwise unpleasant circumstances? a. parallel processing b. motivated forgetting c. chunking d. retroactive interference

motivated forgetting

A(n) ________ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

need

The term ________ refers to emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness, whereas the term ________ refers to emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

negative affect; positive affect

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called

negative reinforcement

Which of the following is a class of antipsychotic drugs that is administered as a part of drug therapy? a. tricyclics b. benzodiazepines c. neuroleptics d. tetracyclics

neuroleptics

Which of the following is the most extensively used class of antipsychotic drugs? a. neuroleptics b. tetracyclic antidepressants c. tricyclics d. benzodiazepines

neuroleptics

Which of the following is an active drug in cigarettes? a. opium b. tannin c. caffeine d. nicotine

nicotine

The locations of neural activity, called ________, are interconnected.

nodes

Milgram's studies are a classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram that demonstrated the profound power of

obedience.

In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the

observer.

The anxiety disorder in which an individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Which of the following refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly? a. weapons effect b. overt aggression c. the Flynn effect d. relational aggression

overt aggression

In a(n) ________, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

panic disorder

When a person's sexual attractions do not depend on the biological sex, gender, or gender identity of others, they would be most likely to self-identify as

pansexual

Like those who develop anorexia nervosa, those who develop bulimia nervosa tend to be

perfectionistic.

The degree to which a person believes themselves to be in charge of the outcomes of behaviors is referred to as a. situational consistency. b. personal control. c. self-efficacy. d. observational learning.

personal control.

An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's

personal identity.

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the a. anal stage. b. phallic stage. c. genital stage. d. oral stage.

phallic stage.

According to Baddeley, the ________ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.

phonological loop

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors. They are

physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?

physiological needs

As it relates to biological processes, neuroticism is associated with a. difficulty in amygdalae activation. b. high levels of circulating serotonin. c. poor regulation of the HPA axis. d. greater connections in the prefrontal cortex.

poor regulation of the HPA axis.

Reinterpreting a potentially stressful experience as less threatening, more valuable, or even beneficial is referred to as

positive reappraisal.

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called

positive reinforcement.

The ________ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the ________ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of typical functions.

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

Dissociative disorders are sometimes seen in people who also show signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder

During the ________ stage, individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing.

precontemplation

Which of the following lists the steps in the stages of change model in the correct order? a. preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance b. precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance c. preparation, action, precontemplation, contemplation, maintenance d. precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, action

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

The associations between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and supervisor ratings, work commitment, burnout, and work-family conflict, among employees in various industries, were tested in a recent study by Kuvaas and others (2017). It was found that, unlike extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation a. was unlikely to result in improved performance. b. predicted lower self-esteem and confidence. c. predicted lower burnout and work-family conflict. d. was unrelated to high supervisor ratings.

predicted lower burnout and work-family conflict.

Self-belief and especially beliefs about one's ability to "see it through" are very important in the ________ stage of change model.

preparation/determination

Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the ________, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the ________.

primacy effect; recency effect

A(n) ________ reinforcer is innately satisfying, and it does not require any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

primary

According to Lazarus, in ________, individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome.

primary appraisal

A defense mechanism in which people see in others those impulses that they most fear or despise in themselves is called

projection.

A(n) ________ presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or to tell a story about it—to launch their own meaning onto the stimulus. a. empirically keyed test b. self-report questionnaire c. projective test d. psychophysiological measure

projective test

The connectionist view of memory

proposes that memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together.

Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?

psychodynamic

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious? a. personological and life-story perspectives b. psychodynamic perspectives c. humanistic perspectives d. social cognitive perspectives

psychodynamic perspectives

Which of the following therapies stresses the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems? a. humanistic therapies b. social learning therapies c. psychodynamic therapies d. biological therapies

psychodynamic therapies

A subgroup of people with antisocial personality disorder are remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they want. These people are sometimes referred to as

psychopaths.

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used LEAST often? a. psychotherapy b. psychosurgery c. aversive conditioning d. drug therapy

psychosurgery

Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions? a. psychosurgery b. psychoanalysis c. drug therapy d. cognitive therapy

psychosurgery

Which of the following is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment? a. sychoanalysis b. electroconvulsive therapy c. psychotherapy d. psychosurgery

psychosurgery

Which of the following is involved in extrinsic motivation? a. organismic needs b. punishments c. challenge d. curiosity

punishments

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

reciprocal determinism.

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities.

recognition; recall

The primary goal of behavior therapy is to

reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.

Neuroleptic drugs a. are also called noradrenergic antidepressants. b. reduce symptoms of schizophrenia. c. cure schizophrenia. d. are antianxiety drugs.

reduce symptoms of schizophrenia.

In the context of family therapy, getting the family to acknowledge that the problem is a family problem and not just the problem of one individual is known as a. reframing. b. detriangulation. c. validation. d. structural change.

reframing

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called

reinforcement.

In the context of behavioral change, the return to former unhealthy patterns is called

relapse

According to the stages of change model, one challenge during the maintenance stage is to avoid

relapse.

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression.

Which of the following experimental treatments has performed as well as electroconvulsive therapy at preventing suicide and has fewer side effects? a. systematic desensitization b. a prescription for lithium c. repeated doses of ketamine d. client-centered therapy

repeated doses of ketamine

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism used by the ego is

repression.

In the context of psychoanalysis, ________ is the psychoanalytic term for the client's unconscious defense strategies that prevent the analyst from gaining insight into the person's psychological problems.

resistance

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in which stage do glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones that protect the individual?

resistance stage

Males enter a refractory period during the ________ phase of the human sexual response pattern.

resolution

Three of the following are important aspects of Bandura's social cognitive theory. Which one is NOT emphasized by Bandura's theory? a. observational learning b. reticular activation c. personal control d. self-efficacy

reticular activation

Eysenck suggested that the ________ of extraverts and introverts differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal.

reticular activation system

Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of

retrieval failures.

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation? a. competence b. self-esteem c. relatedness d. rewards

rewards

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

risky shift.

Which of the following is a cognitive therapy technique whereby clients rate their emotions in order to gain a perspective of their situation? a. labeling of distortions b. questioning the evidence c. distraction d. scaling

scaling

Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat

schizophrenia.

Clozapine is used to treat a. Alzheimer's disease. b. anxiety disorder. c. mood swings. d. schizophrenia.

schizophrenia.

A ________ reinforcer acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

secondary

According to Lazarus, in ________, individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can rationalize the ability to cope with the event.

secondary appraisal

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs? a. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors b. tricyclics c. benzodiazepines d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Which of the following is defined as the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being? a. self-actualization b. confirmation bias c. hindsight bias d. self-regulation

self-actualization

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is

self-actualization.

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory? a. sublimation b. persona c. archetype d. self-concept

self-concept

The term ________ refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

self-efficacy

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy? a. cultural sensitivity b. self-awareness c. self-efficacy d. insight

self-efficacy

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

self-efficacy and mastery.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is based on which of the following therapeutic approaches? a. self-help group b. rational-emotive therapy c. cognitive-behavioral therapy d. family therapy

self-help group

Which of the following forms of treatment is generally conducted by paraprofessionals? a. self-help support groups b. family therapy c. humanistic therapy d. couples therapy

self-help support groups

Which of the following is a cognitive-behavior technique that aims at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior? a. desensitization b. reflective speech c. evidence-based practices d. self-instructional methods

self-instructional methods

Which of the following is emphasized by individualist cultures? a. cooperation b. harmony c. self-reliance d. interdependence

self-reliance

A person's knowledge about the world is known as ________ memory.

semantic

The ________ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

serial position effect

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism? a. serotonin b. GABA c. acetylcholine d. dopamine

serotonin

Depressed people tend to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters

serotonin and norepinephrine.

Which of the following refers to the weight a person maintains when they make no effort to gain or lose weight? a. homeostasis b. set point c. two-factor theory c. resilience

set point

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression.

An individual's ________ refers to the direction of their erotic interests and their behaviors and identity.

sexual orientation

Stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually are referred to as

sexual scripts

In operant conditioning, ________ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

shaping

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds? a. schemas b. sensory memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

short-term memory

The ________ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

social cognitive

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as

social comparison.

The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called

social congnition

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of ________, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

social contagion

According to ________, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

According to ________, the most important predictor of relationship success is having both partners feel that each is doing their "fair share."

social exchange theory

Which of the following is most likely to occur when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others? a. overt aggression b. social facilitation c. deindividuation d. companionate love

social facilitation

Which of the following is a primary focus area of behavioral medicine? a. emotional factors b. cognitive factors c. social factors d. motivational factors

social factors

Which of the following theories states that the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership is a crucial part of their self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about themselves? a. self-perception theory b. social exchange theory c. social identity theory d. cognitive dissonance theory

social identity theory

According to Alfred Adler, a person's natural impulse toward warm relationships with other people is called a. social interest. b. self-efficacy. c. social cognition. d. sublimation.

social interest.

Which of the following refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort? a. reciprocity b. social facilitation c. social loafing d. deindividuation

social loafing

Turning to others who act as a sounding board or a willing ear is referred to as

social sharing.

Which of the following terms refers to information and feedback from others indicating that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and included in a network of communication and mutual obligation? a. social support b. cognitive appraisal c. the collective unconscious d. primary reinforcer

social support

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is effective in treating three of the following psychological disorders. TMS is LEAST likely to be used to treat which of the following? a. depression b. OCD c. specific phobias d. negative symptoms of schizophrenia

specific phobias

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called

spontaneous recovery.

By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to

stabilize moods.

The ________ describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles and breaks down behavioral changes into five steps.

stages of change model

A ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two

stimuli.

Which of the following is a technique that is used in family therapy? a. reattribution b. guided association c. scaling d. structural change

structural change

According to Freud, the ________ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.

superego

Which of the following activities will stimulate heart and lung functioning? a. swimming b. sweeping c. typing d. drinking water

swimming

Which of the following is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is bacterial in origin? a. genital herpes b. genital warts c. syphilis d. hepatitis B

syphilis

Which of the following is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)? a. cellulitis b. syphilis c. erysipelas d. impetigo

syphilis

Bias that is "baked in" to decision making by processes that may have been set in motion generations before is referred to as

systemic racism.

A potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is ________, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs. a. tardive dyskinesia b. transference c. insomnia d. schizophrenia

tardive dyskinesia

An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as

task-oriented cooperation.

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone.

According to ________, emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment. Essentially, the theory proposes that after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.

the James-Lange theory

Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear? a. the thalamus b. the amygdalae c. the cerebellum d. the hippocampus

the amygdalae

According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, which of the following underlie personality?

the behavioral activation system (BAS) and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Self-efficacy refers to a. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. b. the need to engage in warm relations with other people. c. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles. d. the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

According to ________, the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources.

the broaden-and-build model

In psychoanalytic theory, the term transference is used to describe a. the repression of painful memories from conscious awareness. b. efforts to redirect anxiety-provoking desires into socially acceptable actions. c. the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life. d. the gradual shifting of erogenous desires from the mouth to the genitals.

the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client's life.

In the context of the factors in effective psychotherapy, the therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and

the client.

According to ________, our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that mark our behavior. a. the cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) theory of personality b. the psychodynamic approach to personality c. the five-factor model of personality d. the biological approach to personality affect

the cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) theory of personality

According to ________, memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

the dual-code theory

According to ________, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.

the foot-in-the-door technique

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of internal traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error.

Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"? a. the id b. the superego c. the collective unconscious d. the ego

the id

Which of the following essentially examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships? a. the triangular model b. the five-factor model of personality c. the stages of change model d. the investment model

the investment model

Allport used ________ to conduct research on personality.

the lexical approach

Relatedness refers to a. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. b. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles. c. the need to engage in warm relations with other people. d. the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

the need to engage in warm relations with other people.

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal? a. the central executive b. the phonological loop c. the visuospatial sketchpad d. the amygdala

the phonological loop

Which of the following advocates that repression's main function is to protect the individual from threatening information?

the psychodynamic theory

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders? a. the biological approach b. the humanistic approach c. the psychological approach d. the sociocultural approach

the psychological approach

Meta-analyses on therapeutic outcomes show that ________ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.

the quality of the client's participation

Autonomy refers to a. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles. b. the need to engage in warm relations with other people. c. the sense that one is in control of one's own life. d. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

Freud considered ________ to be the most important motivator of all human activity.

the sexual drive

Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder? a. the biological approach b. the sociocultural approach c. the behavioral approach d. the cognitive approach

the sociocultural approach

According to ________, effective change requires individuals to have specific intentions about a behavioral change, a positive attitude about the new behavior, and a belief that their social group will look positively on the new behavior.

the theory of reasoned action

Which of the following is an important determinant of the effectiveness of psychotherapy? a. the cost involved in therapy b. the number of therapy sessions c. the therapeutic alliance d. the duration of therapy sessions

the therapeutic alliance

The tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression is known as

the weapons effect.

The type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that they know something (say, a word or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory is known as

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Which of the following is a primary goal of humanistic therapists? a. to change maladaptive behaviors b. to encourage personal growth c. to focus on illness rather than self-fulfillment d. to resolve unconscious conflicts

to encourage personal growth

The side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors prescribed for agoraphobia is a. drowsiness. b. toxicity. c. nausea. d. fatigue.

toxicity.

In the context of classifying emotions, which of the following is an example of a low-arousal positive emotion?

tranquility

In the context of the stages of change model, ________ means that individuals are no longer consciously engaged in maintaining their healthy lifestyle; rather, the lifestyle has become a part of who they are.

transcendence

In the context of community mental health movement, deinstitutionalization involves a. requiring individuals with psychological disorders to participate in community service. b. transferring individuals with psychological disorders from mental institutions to community-based facilities. c. releasing individuals with psychological disorders from prison. d. transferring individuals with psychological disorders from the community to psychiatry-based facilities.

transferring individuals with psychological disorders from mental institutions to community-based facilities.

Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories?

traumatic memories

Which of the following class of drugs is used to treat agoraphobia? a. tetracyclic drugs b. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors c. neuroleptics d. tricyclic drugs

tricyclic drugs

According to Rogers, a person's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of their behavior is called a. the collective unconscious. b. conditions of worth. c. unconditional positive regard. d. catharsis.

unconditional positive regard.

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. In this situation, salivation was the

unconditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus (US).

Which of the following features of group therapy helps individuals who share a psychological disorder observe that others feel anguish and suffering as well? a. altruism b. interpersonal learning c. universality d. information

universality

Which of the following approaches to quit smoking involves using a nicotine patch? a. using a substitute source b. seeking professional help c. psychotherapy d. going cold turkey

using a substitute source

Three of the following are risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Which of the following factors does NOT pose a risk for the development of ASD? a. preterm birth b. vaccines c. male sex d. older parental age

vaccines

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are contracted through

vaginal intercourse.

According to the circumplex model of mood, a wheel of mood states can be created from the two independent dimensions of

valence and arousal level.

The ________ of an emotion refers to whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant. The ________ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in a person's being active, engaged, or excited versus being more passive, relatively disengaged, or calm.

valence; arousal level

The ________ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

ventromedial hypothalamus

In the context of Albert Bandura's observational learning model, seeing a model being punished for an activity makes an observer less likely to repeat the behavior. This process is called

vicarious punishment.

In the context of Albert Bandura's observational learning model, seeing a model attain a reward for an activity increases the chances that an observer will repeat the behavior. This process is called

vicarious reinforcement.

PTSD may best be explained by which of the following? a. vulnerability-stress model b. false alarm theory c. medical model d. theory of mind

vulnerability-stress model

Watson and Rayner used a ________ along with an unconditioned stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

white rat

According to the evolutionary perspective, women are attracted to mates who a. offer youth and ruggedness. b. are warm and trustworthy. c. agree to an equitable relationship. d. will invest in their offspring.

will invest in their offspring.