Psychology Ch. 6 & 7 Review

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

False

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _________.

Selective Attention

__________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

Estimates of ___________ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.

Heritability

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory Memory

An IQ test is considered _____________ if it actually tests cognitive ability.

Valid

_________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

_____________ is a communication system that follows rules of syntax and grammar.

Language

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of ____________ memory.

Procedural

Cognitive psychology is the study of __________________.

thought, language, memory, and reasoning

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _________________________.

there is no one memory center in the brain

Encoding failure occurs when the information was __________________.

never entered into long-term memory

When considering the _____________ influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability.

Biological

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and creates a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of ________

Elaboration

When _________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

Elaboration

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

Encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called _______.

Encoding

_________________ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

Encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of ____________ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Episodic

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on ___________.

Forgetting

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental __________ to remember the necessary route.

Imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _______.

Imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of __________ memory.

Implicit

Many people think of _______________ in terms of reasoning and thinking skills, but a broader definition is that it is an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

Intelligence

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences are known as _______________.

Intelligence

Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before __________ emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.

Language

We use ____________, symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules to communicate our ideas.

Language

Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities is known as which of the following?

Mindfulness

_____________ is being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

Mindfulness

All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT _____________.

Physically manipulating objects

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the ____________ effect.

Primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the _____________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

Primacy

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of ___________ memory.

Procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____________ memory.

Prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____________ memory.

Prospective

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as _____________. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.

Reasoning

____________ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ____________ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

Recall, Recognition

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

______________ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

_______ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

Selective

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory

Gary has decided to re-landscape his front yard. He's set some deadlines for himself: by Tuesday, he wants to have the weeds pulled, and by Friday, he wants to have the new plants in. Gary is using ___________ in reaching his goal of a new front yard.

Subgoals

Marie's dorm room is a total mess, and Marie is so overwhelmed, she doesn't know how to fix it. Marie's older sister tells her to start by putting dirty clothes in the hamper and folding the clean ones, and then to move on to putting away books and papers. Marie's sister is using ____________ to help Marie solve her problem.

Subgoals

What is infinite generativity?

The ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules.

What is validity?

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

What is reasoning?

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ________ systems in memory. *Extra Info.* 1) Sensory memory: time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds 2) Short-term memory: times frames up to 30 seconds. 3) Long-term memory: time frames up to a lifetime

Three

A test (such as an IQ test) that accurately measures what it is intended to measure is highly _____________.

Valid

The ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is known as _____________ intelligence

Analytical

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of __________ psychology.

Cognitive

When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects and events is called a(n) _______________.

Concepts

_____________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Concepts

____________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.

Dyslexia

According to levels of processing, the process of ________ involves three levels.

Encoding

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

False

True or false: The heritability of intelligence is static across the lifespan.

False

_______________ reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general.

Inductive

Reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up is known as ________________.

Inductive reasoning

___________________ is the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules.

Infinite Generativity

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is ____________ memory.

Long-term

Long-term memory is a ____________ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

Permanent

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as __________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

Retrieval

A(n) _____________ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

Schema

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ________ memory

Short-term

___________ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Short-term

Memory is defined as ________

the retention of information or experience over time.

Defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

Memory

_____________ involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

Thinking

Explicit memory is the _____________ recollection of information such as facts and events.

Conscious

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.)

* It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic * It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following are traits of intellectually gifted people? (Select all that apply.)

1. Academically advanced 2. IQ of 130 or above 3. Superior talent in a particular area 4. Socially well-adjusted

What are some traits of those who are intellectually gifted? (Select all that apply.)

1. Well-adjusted 2. Higher than normal IQ.

______________ intelligence is the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Analytical *Extra Info* Creative Intelligence: the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine Practical Intelligence: the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.

A special form of episodic memory is _____________ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

Autobiographical

When an infant utters sounds such as "ma," "pa," and "me" more or less randomly, he is _________________

Babbling

____________ is the term for meaningless speech-like sounds uttered by infants.

Babbling