psychology Ch.4
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming
hallucinogenic
a substance that causes hallucinations
role theory
a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized
barbiturate
an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep
hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance
electromyograph (EMG)
an instrument that measures muscle tension
hydrocarbons
chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon
opioids
chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy
direct inner awareness
knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs
LSD
lysergic acid diethyl-amide; a hallucinogen
alpha waves
rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation
theta waves
slow brain waves produced during the hypnagogic state
secondhand smoke
smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking
amphetamines
stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl-ethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
delta waves
strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep
sleep apnea
temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping
suppression
the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses of images out of awareness
marijuana
the dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
the first four stages of sleep
selective attention
the focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus
transcendental meditation (TM)
the simplified form of meditation brought to the United states by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for copying with stress
biofeedback training (BFT)
the systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily functions so that the organism can gain control of that function
activation-synthesis model
the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern
non conscious
descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may "recognize" that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process
psychoactive substances
drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions
narcotics
drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates
sleep terrors
frightening, dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep
tolerance
habituation to a drug, with the relish that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed achieve similar effects
repression
in Psychodynamic theory, the automatic ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness
unconscious
in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without consciousness
Preconscious
in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing ones attention
substance use disorder
a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerable and withdrawal symptoms
narcolepsy
a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly
abstinence syndrome
a characteristic closer of withdrawal symptoms that results demo sudden decrease in an addictive drug's level of usage
consciousness
a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state.
circadian rhythm
a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation
stimulant
a drug that increases activity of the nervous system
depressant
a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system
opiates
a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system