Psychology Ch.7 Learning

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? Why was Experimental the most appropriate research design?

An experimental design made it possible to establish a cause-effect relationship between feeling anxious and learning to meditate.

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Bandura

Which of the following is the BEST evidence for the environmental (as opposed to genetic) transmission of aggression?

Monkeys who were raised apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults.Monkey siblings that were raised apart from their mothers showed greater aggression as adults.

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's views is FALSE?

Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society.

The law of effect laid the foundation for:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Using an Experimental design and an appropriate measurement approach can help us determine whether people can learn to reduce anxiety.

Road construction prevents a student from getting to campus using the route that he usually travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, he is using _____ to devise a different route.

a cognitive map

Pavlov called the dog's salivation to the metronome:

a conditioned reflex.

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

after a few hours without the food (US), the tone (CS) was presented again.

In the classic Bobo doll research, Bandura and his colleagues demonstrated that _____ may be acquired through observational learning.

aggressive behavior

Operant conditioning involves:

associating a response and a consequence.

Each time Brenda eats yogurt, she feels sick. Brenda has learned that eating yogurt and sickness go together, so she now refuses to eat yogurt. This kind of learning is called:

associative learning.

Evolved tendencies for species to learn some behaviors more easily than others are called _____ constraints on learning.

biological

A pigeon is reinforced with food every 30 seconds. As the 30-second mark nears, the pigeon can be seen getting more and more excited. The ability to "expect" the reinforcement illustrates the importance of ______________ in the conditioning process.

cognition

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

conditioned response (CR).

Dr. Garcia is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it, and his students begin to feel anxious and tense. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz and feel anxious whenever Dr. Garcia closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

James was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet a dog, but he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates:

discrimination.

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ motivation as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to intrinsic motivation.

extrinsic

Marlee was attacked at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the store, will not be alone with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes, so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In terms of latent learning, Neil is using a cognitive:

map

learning by imitating others behaviors is called _____ learning

observational

Peggy has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

positive

Animals most readily learn and retain the specific associations that promote:

survival.

According to Edward L. Thorndike, behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences become more likely, whereas those that are followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This concept is known as:

the law of effect

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to:

the violence-viewing effect.

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus.

Whereas classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior; operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

voluntary

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following strategies would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl, but let her stay home once in a while.

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? If someone asks you whether people can learn to reduce anxiety, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity? (5 points)

People can indeed learn to meditate to reduce their anxiety. We learned the importance of identifying and controlling for confounding variables, such as whether the experimenter might make participants feel anxious, or the participants might have learning disabilities, and we were reminded that using random assignment would help control for other confounding variables and increase confidence in our study results.

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? Of the following options, which one represents the best participants for your study?

A group of people who learn to meditate when feeling anxious and another group of people who do not learn to meditate when feeling anxious

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games cause children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play prosocial educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors in both groups.

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? From the following options, select the BEST design for determining if people can learn to meditate to reduce their anxiety level.

Experimental design

After viewing a violent cartoon, little Riley becomes more likely to hit his baby brother. What two factors help explain this violence-viewing effect?

Imitation (Riley is doing what he has seen in the cartoon) and desensitization (viewing violence increases indifference to violence).

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

They are opposites.

Your friend Margo became very ill a few hours after eating the college cafeteria's fried chicken special. Now she feels queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. Based on what you learned from the text, you explain to her that:

she has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness.

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:

she has formed a cognitive map of the area.

Behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?

the scientific study of observable behaviors in humans and animals

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? In your study, whether the experimenter made participants feel anxious was a confounding variable, because:

this could reduce participants' ability to learn the study instructions, and it could increase their anxiety.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):

unconditioned response (UR).

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

unconditioned response (UR)neutral stimulus (NS)conditioned response (CR)conditioned stimulus (CS)

Sonya had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

unconditioned stimulus.

Pop quizzes at college and random checks of quality in a factory are examples of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses?

variable-ratio

Pavlov's original aim was to discover:

what caused dogs' saliva to flow.

linda had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

conditioned response.

B. F. Skinner believed that future "machines and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they would allow for both:

individualized learning and immediate reinforcement.

Juan is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. David is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a premed program at a competitive university. Unlike David, Juan is motivated by _____ motivation.

intrinsic

Psychologists define _____ as the process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience.

learning

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called _____.

learning

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety? Your study used negative reinforcement to determine whether people can learn to reduce anxiety. In your study, ________ was the response that you sought to strengthen and ________ was the stimulus you attempted to reduce or remove.

meditation; anxiety

Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating:

mirror neurons

Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey.

model

Kole works at hammering a nail with his toy hammer as his father hammers deck boards into place. Kole's behavior is a clear example of:

modeling.

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time out. This is an example of a:

negative punishment.

Carolyn is busy with project work that she brought home. Her son wants her to set up a movie for him. Carolyn tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but he whines and complains so much that Carolyn decides to just go ahead with it. Her son's whining best illustrates:

negative reinforcement.

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called ______________ learning.

observational

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

observational learning.

Jennifer trained her dog to howl when he heard Jennifer play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day in her car, Jennifer played a CD of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through _____ and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.

operant conditioning and generalization

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety?Select all of the factors that could affect your confidence in the results of your study:

-Whether the experimenter makes people feel anxious -Learning disability in the participant -Personality traits related to experiencing anxiety

How Would You Know If People Can Learn to Reduce Anxiety?Of the following options, which would be the best way to measure whether people can learn to reduce anxiety?

Ask participants this question: "When you feel anxious, how likely are you to use meditation to reduce your anxiety?" (1=not at all likely to 7=very likely)

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Operant; respondent

Why have psychologists used different research methods to explore possible effects of violence viewing, and what have they learned?

Researchers have correlated media exposure with aggressive behavior, meaning that our media inputs do indeed predict our social behavior. And to explore cause-and-effect, researchers have experimented, observing increased aggression in response to provocation among those randomly assigned to observe media violence.

Connecting events is to acquiring mental information as _____ learning is to _____ learning.

associative; cognitive

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate