psychology chapter

Recognition tests provide fewer retrieval cues than do recall tests.

False

Mnemonic strategies facilitate retention by encouraging:

chunking and elaborative rehearsal.

Which option illustrates an elaborative rehearsal strategy?

creating visual images based on the information to be remembered

In one study described in the textbook, participants who experienced a 15-minute period of waking rest showed better retention of newly learned material than did participants who played a game for 15 minutes (Dewar et al., 2012). In this study, the _____ variable is _____.

dependent; participants' retention of the material

The spacing effect refers to the benefit of _____ practice.

distributed

To prepare for an important midterm, Zoe studies 90 minutes each night for five nights. Zoe's method exemplifies:

distributed practice

Spacing study sessions over long periods with breaks in between is called:

distributed practice.

The method of loci connects new information to older memories—namely, locations along a familiar route. The method therefore encourages _____ rehearsal.

elaborative

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines:

in the middle of the poem.

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:

retrieval cue.

An "oldie" playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a(n):

retrieval cue.

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test however as he rereads the response options he remembers the correct answer. Chad has made use of:

retrieval cues.

Before going home, Dr. Rosen tries to flesh out his patient notes. He can remember the first and last sessions of the day, but his memory of the middle ones is a bit fuzzy. Dr. Rosen is a victim of the _____ effect.

serial position

Based on the _____ effect, _____ practice leads to better learning than _____ practice does.

spacing; distributed; massed

Mei lives in Shanghai. Sandy lives in Salt Lake City. Based on the text's discussion, which statement regarding the life memories of the two women is MOST likely to be true?

Mei's memories are more likely to be focused on other people than are Sandy's.

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?

Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues

An acronym helps recall because it is easier to remember an acronym than a long string of information. Thus, acronyms help circumvent the capacity limitations of _____ memory.

Short-Term memory

Recall tests are usually more difficult than are recognition tests.

True

Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?

Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.

How might one describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item's recall to the item's position on a list?

U-shaped

Massed practice refers to:

studying for long periods without breaks.

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

the first-presented items in a list are more likely to be remembered than items in the middle of the list.

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is known as the _____ effect.

serial position

_____ devices are methods for improving memory.

Rehearsal

Cramming is another name for massed practice

True

Deep processing is to shallow processing as elaborative rehearsal is to maintenance rehearsal.

True

An essay question is a _____ test of memory. A multiple-choice question is a _____ test.

recall; recognition

"Dog food, coffee, paper towels." Michelle's roommate begins reciting items into the phone as she gets into her car; Michelle is supposed to stop by the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps with, "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Michelle forgets a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix are in the bag. Her memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

recency

According to the textbook, organizing information hierarchically improves memory by aiding the process of:

Encoding

Maury remembers the first several companies he contacted in his job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the recency effect.

False

Todd is using an acronym when he links technical terms he must remember to landmarks along his route from his home to his workplace.

False