Psychology Chapter 1-4 Study Guide
Walking through the halls of your high school 10 years after graduation, you experience a flood of old memories you haven't thought of for years. Your experience shows the role of A) Encoding specificity principle B) Cue overload principle C) Implicit memory D) Iconic memory
A
Which of the following best describes Watson's main critique of functionalism? A) Functionalism was too empirical and not practical B) Functionalism focused too much on behavior C) Objectively measuring consciousness was impossible D) Evolution and adaptation were mere theories, thus basing all of psychology around a theory was too hypothetical
C
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept? A) Unicorns B) Sports C) The area of a circle D) Animals
C
William James's focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as __________. A)Structuralism B)Functionalism C)Psychoanalysis D)Inner consciousness
B
________ focused on examining the physiology of one's behavior and other psychological aspects of the mind. A)Wundt B)James
B
__________ focused on the potential of humans to be creative, have a positive outlook and pursue higher values through a process of self-actualization. A)Rogers B)Maslow
B
__________ presented ideas and techniques for rewarding and punishing behavior. A)Pavlov B)Skinner
B
___________ are the building blocks of language. A) Morphemes B) Phonemes C) Phenomes D) Lexicon
B
____________ focused on the effects of reinforcement and punishment on learning by testing rats in a controlled box environment. A) Watson B) Skinner C) Pavlov D) Koffka
B
The operant conditioning chamber (a.k.a. __________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. A)Skinner B)James C)Koffka D)Watson
A
In which of the following types of descriptive studies does a researcher remain separated from the situation and make no attempt to change it? A) Naturalistic observation B) Survey C) Longitudinal study D) Cross-sectional study
A
During which of the following activities might you use selective attention? A) Reading a book B) Attending a concert at a sold-out show C) Driving on a busy freeway during rush hour D) All of the above
D
Besides cognitivism, which of the following schools of thought did Chomsky believe was too short-lived? A) Behaviorism B) Functionalism C) Structuralism D) Humanistic psychology
A
A study was done that tested the best methods for encoding information. Participants were asked to consider a list of words according to how the words are printed (visualized uppercase or lowercase), how they sound (whether they rhyme), or what they mean (whether they fit in a sentence). Later they are unexpectedly asked to recall the words. Which of the following best describes the results of the study? A) Participants scored best in the sentence group and worst in the visualization group B) The visualization and and sound groups scored similar, with the sentence group scoring the lowest C) The sound group scored the best and the sentence group scored the worst D) The visualization group scored the best and the sound group scored the worst
A
According to the text, how do hypotheses relate to theories? A) Hypotheses are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction. B) Hypotheses are formulated after a research study and later made into theories. C) Theories are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction. D) Hypotheses always become theories after a study is complete.
A
A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories were ________. A)Not testable B)Too broad C)Too outrageous D)too limited
A
A study is done and the results are analyzed. The researchers find that their data has a p-score of .02. This indicates that: A) If this experiment was repeated, there is a 98% chance the data would be the same B) Their results from the sample are not generalizable to the greater population C) 98% of the data is overwhelmingly statistically significant, the other 2% are not D) There is a 2% chance that the results obtained are due to a meaningful pattern
A
Cognitive psychology is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A)it emphasizes introspection B)it acknowledges internal mental states C)It includes research, language, and memory D)It utilizes the scientific method
A
Mike was driving his car with his friend, Jesse, when a driver ran a red light and slammed into their car. Jesse woke up in the hospital, confused as to why he was there. When the doctors asked Mike what had happened, he couldn't remember the events leading up to the wreck. This issue demonstrates which of the following ideas? A) Retrograde amnesia B) Anterograde amnesia C) Proactive interference D) Retroactive interference
A
Proponents of the early school of __________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motive are unimportant in understanding human behavior and that only observable actions should be studied. A)behaviorism B)phrenology C)humanistic D)psychoanalytical
A
Rick is an avid sports fan. While watching a football game, he focuses intently on the position of the ball and follows it very carefully. He jumps for joy when a player carries the ball downfield to score a touchdown, but is surprised and upset when the referee says that there was a penalty in the play on a different player, which negates the touchdown. Rick has best experienced which of the following phenomena? A) Inattentional Blindness B) Selective Attention C) Limited Capacity D) Shadowing
A
Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and __________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. A)unconditional positive regard B)encouragement C)functionalism D)apathy
A
Suppose you are a guidance counselor. A student tells you they want to explore questions in their career such as "how do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior?" or "how do brain cells change during learning?" Based on these questions, you would most likely recommend what field of psychology to the student? A) Biological Psychology B) Developmental Psychology C) Clinical Psychology D) Cognitive Psychology
A
The biggest reason that the psychological science field moved on from Sigmund Freud's school of thought is because: A) There was no empirical evidence to support his theories B) Functionalism proved to be a more accurate model in that time period C) Freud's studies were conducted on paralyzed patients and were not generalizable to the larger population D) This statement is false, Freudian theories still prevail in psychological science
A
This psychologist argued that psychology is independent from philosophy. He believed that the conscious elements of the mind should be scientifically studied and classified. A)Wundt B)Titchner
A
Walter and Gus strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Gus thinks Walter is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Walter tells Gus that he works at a high school, Gus assumes that Walter is a teacher, but Walter is actually a secretary. Gus used which of the following to form his incorrect conclusion? A) A representative heuristic B) The availability heuristic C) An algorithm D) Anchoring bias
A
Walter has just moved to a new house. When colleagues asked him what his new address was, Walter always incorrectly recalled "308 Negra Arroyo Lane," the address of his last house. This mistake best demonstrates which of the following ideas? A) Proactive interference B) Retroactive interference C) Blocking D) Absentmindedness
A
Walter is asked about where he was on September 11th, 2001. He recalls being in Albuquerque on a business trip when he learned the news. Despite the event being over two decades ago, Walter has vivid recollection of the event. Which of the following phenomenon best explains why Walter remembers 9/11 so vividly? A) Flashbulb Memories B) Iconic Memory C) Consolidation D) Retrieval cues
A
Walter is interested in manipulating genes that are linked to Alzheimer's disease in mouse embryos. What must he consider before beginning his research? A) Whether the information he will obtain is important enough to justify the inclusion of animals B) Whether the information he will obtain is important enough to advance his career C) Whether or not he can ensure that his methods will be approved by the institutional review board D) Whether he can ensure that his methods will do no harm to the animals involved
A
Which best describes Gestalt Theory? A) Idea that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its parts B) Idea that behavior is caused by unconscious internal conflicts C) Approach that emphasizes how environmental forces produce behavior D) Study of how people are influenced by their interactions with others
A
Which idea below best describes behaviorism? A) The role of the environment is the strongest force in producing behavior B) Internal mental processes influence behavior C) Behavior is a product of a person's drive for happiness and fulfillment D) Unconscious thoughts drive and produce specific behavior
A
Which of the following is an example of research done at the social level of analysis? A) Testing whether people perform a new skill better alone or in front of a group B) Examining how brain chemicals change when recalling a happy memory C) Testing how one's culture influences how one explains personal failure and success D) examining how sadness can influence how we process persuasive arguments
A
Which of the following scenarios would H.M. have a hard time remembering? A) The name of the doctor doing research on him B) The events leading up to his surgery C) How to do a new puzzle D) His 10th birthday party
A
Which quote can be best attributed to Gestalt Psychology? A)The whole is other than the sum of its parts B)Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious C)give me a child until he is 7 and ill show you the man D)the real problem is not wether the machines think but wether the men do
A
Which researcher studied types of conditioned reflexes? A)Pavlov B)Watson C)Skinner D)Koffka
A
Which school of thought examined mental processes that are in the unconscious mind to explain behavior? A)psychodynamic B)behaviorism C)cognitive psychology D)functionalism
A
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's approach to asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings was a part of their broader strategy to understand consciousness. This was called__________. A)Structuralism B)Functionalism C)Psychoanalysis D)Inner consciousness
A
You and your friend are having a discussion and talking about cars. In your mind, you imagine your Honda CRV when you hear the word cars. Your friend, however, imagines his Ford F-150 when he hears the word car. Your friend and you thus differ in your respective __________ of cars. A) Prototype B) Schema C) Cognition D) Category
A
__________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. A)Maslow B)Rogers C)Chomsky D)Freud
A
A child is communicating and is at the age where she is starting to string words together and create sentences that follow grammatical rules. When talking about her feet, she accidentally says "foots" as she has learned that adding an "s" to the end of words makes them plural. This is an example of: A) Linguistic determinism B) Overgeneralization C) Reflexive communication D) Speech discrimination
B
As the number of credit hours that a college student enrolls for increases, the amount of free time decreases. This is an example of: A) Positive relationship B) Negative relationship C) Cause and effect relationship D) More than one of the above
B
If a patient fails to take a drug because of a lack of overt physical symptoms, this behavior could best be explained by which of the following approaches to psychology? A) Cognitive, because the patient fails to understand the benefit of the drug B) Behavioral, because the patient is receiving no reinforcement for taking the drug—no symptoms are being alleviated nor improved because no overt symptoms exist C) Humanistic, because the person is exercising free will to remain drug-free D) Clinical, because there are underlying medical issues that are driving the patient to not want to take the drug
B
In the late 1800s, this approach examined how the mind operates and how conscious thoughts in the mind have continually evolved since the beginning of time. A)humanism B)functionalism C)structuralism D)behaviorism
B
In the late 19th century, this approach to psychology measured basic elements of conscious experiences to provide scientific evidence to understand the mind. A)humanism B)structuralism C)behaviorism D)functionalism
B
Walter likes to play chess. He notices that there are situations on certain parts of the board he has seen so many times that he has gotten used to them and memorized the correct moves to make in those situations. When Walter breaks the game up into these smaller scenarios that he can focus on individually, he is demonstrating what concept? A) Maintenance Rehearsal B) Chunking C) Encoding D) Acrostic
B
Walter used the same song for his alarm on his phone every day for the last 5 years. Naturally, Walter now associates the neutral stimulus of the song with waking up early. Thus, when Walter hears this song during the day, he can't stand to listen to it because he has been conditioned to associate it with the bad feelings of waking up in the morning— the song has been ruined for him! This is best an example of what type of memory? A) Working memory B) Implicit memory C) Procedural memory D) Episodic memory
B
Walter weighs 185 pounds. He steps onto the scale and it reads 215 pounds. He then steps onto the scale and it reads 215 pounds again. We would say that the scale is: A) Accurate, but not reliable B) Reliable, but not accurate C) Neither accurate nor reliable D) Both accurate and reliable
B
When Jesse woke up in the hospital alongside Mike, he vividly recalled the wreck and was deeply disturbed by it. In fact, for several months, Jesse had a hard time forgetting this event. However, over time, the accuracy of his recollection diminished, best exemplifying which idea? A) Source Amnesia B) Persistance C) Source misattribution D) Repressed memories
B
3. Which of the following ideas is incorrectly paired with the corresponding school of thought? A) Structuralism— Introspection B) Functionalism— Stream of Consciousness C) Behaviorism— Natural Selection D) Psychoanalytic Theory— Unconscious
C
According to some psychologists, Sigmund Freud's theory of the meaning of dreams was not a successful theory because A) It was too socially controversial and not predictable. B) He developed the theory from previous ideas. C) It did not lead to many testable hypotheses. D) He did not emphasize fairness and ethical collection of data.
C
Four different studies are done that assess the relationship between two variables. Which of the following correlation coefficients (r) indicate the strongest relationship between the two variables measured? A) 0.8 B) 0.1 C) - 0.9 D) - 0.2
C
You are at a movie theater and are deciding what drink to order. Even without you being consciously aware, the conversation behind you that two people are having about Coke subliminally prompts you to order a Coke, despite the fact you never attended to their conversation. This subliminal processing can be explained by what model of attention? A) Broadbent's filter model B) Treisman's attenuation model C) Deutsch and Deutsch's late selection model D) None of the above, all models require you to attend to information in some degree
C
How would John B. Watson explain why your sister is (stereotypically) "feminine" in her behaviors (e.g., she always wears pink dresses and prefers to watch Cinderella over Cars)? A) Displaying feminine behaviors increases her dopamine levels, which increases the number of men she meets B) Unconscious mental processes regarding sex are in conflict, which produces these very feminine behaviors and thoughts in her conscious mind C) As a girl, her mother spoke very harshly to her when she played with "boys' toys" like trucks and cars D) Displaying feminine behaviors has proved to be advantageous to her socially, thus her interests are a product of her successfully adapting to her environment from a social standpoint.
C
If a research study is published in a peer-reviewed journal, you can assume that A) The study had no major flaws. B) Replication has since proved their theory. C) The study was appropriately designed and conducted in an ethical manner. D) The study has the full support of the scientific community.
C
Mario has not been doing well in his third grade classroom. His teacher noticed that he wasn't focusing in class and mistakenly thought he was being lazy. In fact, the truth was that Mario's family couldn't afford enough food to feed their family and therefore, he regularly goes to school without any breakfast. Which level of need would best describe what is going on with Mario? A)social/belonging B)esteem C)physiological D)safety/security
C
Motor memory is to procedural memory, as explicit is to __________. A) Implicit B) Episodic C) Declarative D) Semantic
C
Structuralism has been criticized because it A) Did not include elements of the nature/nurture debate. B) Could not produce quantitative measurements of behavior. C) Focused on specific elements of the mind rather than on its overall usefulness. D) Did not take into account the way children process information.
C
Walter caught a huge fish the first time he ever went fishing. When he went home and told his wife, he told her he caught an 8 inch bass! The next week when he told his best friend Jesse the story, he told him he caught a 10 inch bass! One year later at a baseball game with his friend, he recalled the story of the time he caught a 14 inch bass the first time he ever fished! Which of the following phases of memory can best explain why his story changed every time? A) Encoding, Walter was too emotionally charged in the moment to pay attention to the actual size of the fish B) Storage, memory naturally decays over time C) Retrieval, details that make stories better tend to stay remembered D) His memory is fine— the fish actually grew over the year
C
Walter is participating in an experiment where symbols are flashed before his eyes for just a few milliseconds. In the first trial, the symbols are flashed and then disappear. However, despite the fact that they were gone, Walter could still "see the" symbols very briefly. This is best explained by which of the following concepts? A) Echoic memory B) Working memory C) Iconic memory D) Short-term memory
C
Which of the following activities would NOT be considered a descriptive study? A) Taking notes on the behavior of members in a cult B) Measuring the selection of food items in a cafeteria C) Examining the effects of a new medication in alleviating depression D) Counting the number of mating behaviors in baboons in the natural habitat
C
Which of the following best describes biggest difference between encoding and recoding? A) Encoding is perfect and allows us to remember all information we are exposed to, but recoding is where we can misremember or forget parts of what we encoded B) Encoding is the first stage in memory, while recoding occurs later on and has to do with reconsolidating memories that have been retrieved from long-term storage C) Encoding requires attention and conscious awareness, recoding can happen automatically and subconsciously D) Encoding information is selective, so recoding ensures that the very few bits of information we actually do encode is remembered accurately
C
Which of the following is not an example of how schemas can be harmful? A) They can create bias in our attitudes/judgements B) Stereotypes C) They could be incorrect and based on faulty concepts D) An event schema might cause us to behave in inappropriate ways
C
Working memory, a more modern conceptualization of short-term memory, is very short. It usually only lasts around: A) A fraction of a second B) Three to four seconds C) 20 to 30 seconds D) 2 to 3 minutes
C
You are doing a test where you are asked to multitask a bunch of different tasks all at once/the same time. This experiment could be described as a: A) Limited capacity task B) Sustained attention task C) Divided attention task D) Spatial attention task
C
You are taking a multiple choice test and realize that you still have ten questions to answer with no time left. In order to salvage points, you rush to answer the remaining ten questions, circling random letters as you go down (ex. C, D, A, B, B, E, C, etc.) The reason you chose a random order of letters while cramming, instead of bubbling one letter consecutively all the way down (ex. E, E, E, E, etc.) exemplifies the idea of: A) Anchoring B) Framing C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic
C
Don's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Don kept trying the solution that worked last few times it had crashed, even though it is clear that it won't fix his computer now. Don's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to ______________. A) Trial and error B) Working backwards C) Functional fixedness D) A mental set
D
In the late 19th century, the early school of psychology that was heavily influenced by biology was ________. A)phrenology B)psychodynamic C)structuralism D)functionalism
D
Investigators who are interested in quickly gaining a lot of information about group attitudes are likely to use what kind of research approach? A) Archival B) Experiment C) Participant observation D) Self-report survey
D
Long-term storage is broken up into what two major categories? A) Episodic and Semantic B) Semantic and Implicit C) Conditioning and Procedural D) Explicit and Implicit
D
Mary is working with her group in lab to complete an experiment. She is staying focused on the project and is tuning out all the other groups talking. All the sudden, she randomly hears her name and perks her head up and looks around the room for the person that said her name. Which of the following attention theories could effectively model this situation? A) Attenuation model B) Filter model C) Response selection model D) More than one of the above
D
Some of the most famous memory champions in the world are able to remember the digits of pi up to 70,000 digits. One of the most common methods they do this by is through grouping digits together into meaningful values, then visualizing walking down their home street and picturing images they have associated with the values of pi. This is an example of what idea? A) Mental schemas B) Prospective Memory C) Context-dependent memory D) Peg word technique
D
Testing yourself is one of the best methods of studying because it focuses on what step of memory acquisition/learning? A) Encoding B) Storage C) Consolidation D) Retrieval
D
The person who is traditionally recognized as the founder of modern psychology is: A) Edward Titchener B) Sigmund Freud C) William James D) Wilhelm Wundt
D
This school of thought studies the mental processes of thinking, memory, and judgment. A)functionalism B)behaviorism C)psychodynamic D)cognitive
D
To figure out the attendance of her Introductory Psychology class on any given day, your professor could simply count the number of students in the room. Or she could break the class into four equal groups, estimate the number of students in one group, and then multiply that number by four. In the first case, your professor would be using ______________ to calculate attendance, and ______________ in the second case. A) Inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning B) Deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning C) A heuristic, an algorithm D) An algorithm, a heuristic
D
Two key provisions of the APA's ethical guidelines (enforced by the IRB) are: A) Anonymity of records and compensation for participants B) Payment for time and protection of coercion C) Advancement of science and safety of subjects D) Informed consent and voluntary participation
D
Walter is working on a study to examine shy children's behavior with peers they have not met before. He is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if his theory is supported by the data. In what process is he engaged? A) Random selection B) Correlational studies C) Prediction D) Scientific method
D
What does it mean for a theory to be falsifiable? A) It should not be necessary to collect data to address the theory. B) It should be based on an extensive literature review. C) It should be the simplest of competing theories. D) It should be possible to prove the theory incorrect.
D
When a bystander was asked about how fast the car was going when it ran the light and collided with Mike and Jesse, they described the car as going about 25-30 mph. When another bystander was asked how fast the car was going when it smashed into Mike and Jesse, they estimated the car was going 50-55 mph. Which of the following best explains why? A) Misattribution— the circumstances of the event were changed over time B) Flashbulb memories— this high-emotion situation created different memories of the experience for each bystander C) Memory bias— one bystander consciously exaggerated the details to make the crash seem more intense D) Suggestibility— their recollections were unconsciously influenced by misleading information
D
Which of the following best describes the levels of processing model? A) The more frequently we retrieve and reconsolidate information, the better we remember it B) More emotionally charged events are better remembered than meaningless ones C) We are better at remembering events that involve higher-order cognitive processes D) The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered
D
Which of the following is an example of a statement describing risks and benefits that one might encounter before participating in a research study? A) Participants will be compensated for their time and will benefit from the knowledge that they are helping to advance science. B) Participant data may not be kept confidential, and participants may experience pain at the injection site. C) Participants will not benefit directly from the research, and there is a risk that they may feel disappointed if the study is unsuccessful. D) Participants will be compensated for their time, and they may experience some discomfort when answering study questions.
D
Which of the following psychologists utilized client-centered therapy that included empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness? A) Freud B) Chomsky C) James D) Rogers
D
Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts? A)Psychoanalysis B)structuralism C)cognitive psychology D)Fuctionalism
D
Which school of thought in the early 20th century focused on observable behavior and relationships between stimuli and responses? A)humanism B)functionalism C)structuralism D)behaviorism
D
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? A) Inez Beverly Prosser B) Joseph White C) Kenneth Bancroft Clark D) Francis Cecil Sumner
D
You are doing a study where you are asked to remember a list of 10 things presented to you in a small window of time. Then, later on at a random point in time, you are asked to recall items from the list. According to Ebbinghaus, on average, how many things will you remember if you are asked to recall things from the list 30 days after you learned them? A) 7 B) 8 C) 5 D) 2
D
____________ is the basic set of rules that we follow to organize words into meaningful sentences, while ___________ is the way we derive meaning from morphemes and words. A) Grammar, Semantics B) Semantics, Syntax C) Syntax, Grammar D) Syntax, Semantics
D