Psychology Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology

PhD

(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

PsyD

(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people. Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy. Client Centered Therapy therapist needed to display, unconditional positive regards, be genuine, and empathy.

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

American psychologist. Like Watson, Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior

Noam Chomsky

Chomsky, an American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had on psychology. He believed that psychology's focus on behavior was short-sighted and that the field had to re-incorporate mental functioning

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Discovers Classical Conditioning by studying digestion.

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954)

The "father" of African American psychology First African American to earn a PhD in psychology Chaired psych department at Howard University

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. a. Skinner b. Watson c. James d. Koffka

a. Skinner

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. health c. clinical d. social

a. biological

postdoctoral training program

allows programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

forensic psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

counseling psychology

area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

clinical psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

sport and exercise psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 3/4 d. 4/5

b. 2/3

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. a. William James b. Max Wertheimer c. Carl Rogers d. Noam Chomsky

b. Max Wertheimer

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. a. PhD b. PsyD c. postdoctoral training program d. dissertation

b. PsyD

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. a. Noam Chomsky b. Carl Rogers c. Abraham Maslow d. Sigmund Freud

c. Abraham Maslow

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. a. associate's b. bachelor's c. master's d. doctoral

c. master'

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. a. psychosexual stage b. object permanence c. personality d. perception

c. personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics

c. philosophy

personality trait

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. clinical c. social d. I-O

d. I-O

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. a. bachelor of science b. bachelor of art c. master's d. PhD

d. PhD

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientific method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree d. bachelor's degree

d. bachelor's degree

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation

d. proposed explanation

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. Gestalt d. unconditional positive regard

d. unconditional positive regard

behaviorism

focus on observing and controlling behavior

psychoanalytic theory

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

functionalism

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University. He believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible. Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior. Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of observing and controlling behavior came to be known as behaviorism.

dissertation

long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training

empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

biopsychosocial model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

introspection

process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

Ulric Neisser (1928-2012)

published the first textbook entitled Cognitive Psychology, which served as a core text in cognitive psychology courses around the country

developmental psychology

scientific study of development across a lifespan

psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

cognitive psychology

study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior

personality psychology

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

ology

suffix that denotes "scientific study of"

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)

three German psychologists who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various Gestalt principles. Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to. (This was a revolt against Wundt.)

structuralism

understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873. Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience, and he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience. Wundt used introspection (he called it "internal perception"), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed.

Sigmund Freud. Freud (1856-1939)

was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from "hysteria" and neurosis. Freud theorized that many of his patients' problems arose from the unconscious mind. According to Freud, the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis, by examinations of the first words that came to people's minds, and through seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. Psychoanalytic theory (Psychoanalysis) focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences.

William James (1842-1910)

was the first American psychologist who was introduced to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism's characteristics.