Psychology Chapter 10

Two theories of sleep

1) repair and restoration 2) energy conservation (evolutionary)

two benefits of sleep

1) sleep saves energy 2) sleep strengthens learning and remembering

Three theories of dreaming(Freud's, the activation-synthesis, and neurocognitive theories)

1, (Freud's) each dream has a manifest content—the content that appears on the surface— and a latent content—the hidden ideas that the dream experience represents symbolically. 2, dreams occur because the cortex takes the hap-hazard activity that occurs during rem sleep plus whatever stimuli strike the sense organs and does its best to make sense of this activity. 3, that dreaming is a special kind of thinking.

Rapid eye movement (REM)(and why is it called "paradoxical")

During this stage of sleep, the sleeper's eyes move rapidly back and forth under the closed lids. Rem sleep is paradoxical because it is light in some ways and deep in others. it is light because the brain is active and the body's heart rate, breathing rate, and temperature fluctuate substantially. it is deep because the large muscles of the body that control posture and locomotion are deeply relaxed.

More practical definition of consciousness

If a cooperative person reports being conscious (aware) of one stimulus and not of another, then he or she was conscious of the first and not the second.

Night terror

It causes someone to awaken screaming and sweating with a racing heart rate, sometimes flailing with the arms and pounding the walls.

Insomnia

It is not enough sleep for the person to feel rested the next day.

electro-encaphalograph (EEG)

It measures and amplifies tiny electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity.

Sleep apnea

People fail to breathe for a minute or more and then wake up gasping for breath.

Stages 3-4 (called slow wave or deep sleep with delta waves below 3.5 hz)

Stage 3 sleep Pulse, breathing, and brain activity slower yet. Neural activity more synchronized. Stages 3 and 4 dominate first half of night. Stage 4 sleep Pulse, breathing, and brain activity slowest. Brain waves highly synchronized, indicating low overall neuron activity.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is generated within the brain by a tiny structure.

Narcolepsy

They experience sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day.

Hypnosis

a condition of focused attention and increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship.

déjà vu

a feeling that an event is uncannily familiar.

circadian rythm

a rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day. (The term circadian comes from the latin roots circa and dies, meaning "about a day.")

Meditation

a systematic procedure for inducing a calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques.

Lucid dreaming

awareness that a dream is a dream while it is happening

Coma

caused by traumatic brain damage, the brain shows a steady but low level of activity and no response to any stimulus.

minimally conscious state

in which people have brief periods of purposeful actions and speech comprehension.

vegetative state

marked by limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to pain.

polysomnograph

sleep researchers combine an EEG measure with a simultaneous measure of eye movements to produce a polysomnograph

Sleep talking

speaking that occurs during NREM sleep. sleep talking is most common during stage 2 sleep, but it occurs in all stages

Brain death

the brain shows no activity and no response to any stimulus.

Sleep walking

walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep (stage 4).

melatonin

which is important for both circadian rhythms and many species' annual rhythms of reproduction, hibernation, and so forth.