Psychology Chapter 10: Study Guide

According to the text, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that it A. evokesimitation. B. lowersarousal. C. hasacatharsiseffect. D. distracts from other activities.

A

Anderson's (2010) research on the effects of video games has reported that there is a _______ relationship between playing violent games and the frequency of arguments with teachers. A. positive B. slightlynegative C. neutral D. significantly negative

A

Berkowitz and LePage (1967) found that frustrated men delivered more shocks when A. gunshappenedtobeintheroom. B. badmintonracquetshappenedtobeintheroom. C. theyhadjustreceivedashotthatloweredtheirserotoninlevels. D. they were initially depressed

A

Given the review of research on heat and aggression in the text, you can conclude that the relationship between these two variables is A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. curvilinear.

A

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of A. anger,anemotionalreadinesstoaggress. B. theroleofbiochemicalinfluences,suchasalcohol. C. relativedeprivationandtheadaptationlevelphenomenon. D. catharsisasareduceroffrustration.

A

In view of research on the pain-attack response, Berkowitz (1998) now believes that _______ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression. A. aversivestimulation B. neuralimpulses C. frustration D. rage

A

It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she kicked her pet cat, who was waiting at the door. Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of A. thefrustration-aggressiontheory. B. theadaptation-levelphenomenon. C. theMurphy'slaw. D. the social learning theory.

A

Meier and Hinsz (2004), when deciding how much hot sauce to administer during research experiments, found all of the following EXCEPT A. groupsretaliatedbydishingout24percentmorethanindividuals. B. interactionwithagroupamplifiedindividualaggressivetendencies. C. groupmembersretaliatedbygivingalmosttwiceasmuchtothosethathadgiven them 48 grams. D. groups did perceive less hostility from other groups than from individuals.

A

Peter, a cashier at a local grocery store, was berated at work by his manager. He comes home from work and promptly yells at his wife and kicks the cat. This is an example of A. displacement. B. thefrustration-aggressiontheory. C. relativedeprivation. D. social learning theory.

A

Physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm is known as A. aggression. B. hostileaggression. C. instrumentalaggression. D. bothhostileandinstrumentalaggression.

A

Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior is what psychologists refer to as A. prosocial behavior. B. excitationtransfer. C. instrumentalbehavior. D. social facilitation.

A

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that A. abusedchildrenlaterabusetheirownchildrenatfourtimesthenationalrate. B. higherratesofviolenceoccurwhenfatherscareforthechildren. C. anonlychildtendstobeaggressiveinsocialsituationsoutsidethefamily. D. physical punishment suppresses aggression in children

A

Some of the ways we can reduce aggression were listed in the text summary. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways? A. Expressingaggressionbycatharsistendstodecreaseaggression. B. Sociallearningtheorysuggestscontrollingaggressionbyreducingaversive stimulation. C. Sociallearningtheorysuggestscontrollingaggressionbyrewardingandmodeling nonaggressive behavior. D. Social learning theory suggests controlling aggression by eliciting reactions incompatible with aggression.

A

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain A. hostileaggression. B. instrumentalaggression. C. bothhostileandinstrumentalaggression. D. neither hostile nor instrumental aggression.

A

The near consensus among social psychologists is that A. viewingorparticipatinginviolencefailstoproducecatharsis. B. hittingapunchingbagreducesaggression. C. sexualmaterialsprovideanoutletforbottled-upimpulses. D. wars seem to purge aggressive feelings.

A

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as A. displacement. B. substitution. C. instrumentalaggression. D. projection.

A

The results of the Schachter and Singer (1962) experiment in which participants were injected with adrenaline prior to spending time with either a hostile or a euphoric person support the idea that A. bodilyarousalfeedsoneemotionoranotherdependingonhowweinterpretthe arousal. B. distinctphysiologicaldifferencesexistamongemotions. C. frustrationislargelyafunctionofourpriorexperienceandwhomwecompare ourselves with. D. everyemotiontriggersanopposingemotion.

A

Which of the following is NOT one of the five consistent effects that Anderson (2003) found to be associated with video games? A. increasedinterestindrugsandalcohol. B. increasedaggressivethinking. C. increasedarousal. D. decreased prosocial behaviors.

A

"Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _______ hypothesis. A. sensitization B. catharsis C. frustration-aggression D. sociallearning

B

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of A. regression. B. displacement. C. relativedeprivation. D. the weapons effect.

B

A study of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers found A. nodifferencesbetweenthesemenandnormalcontrols. B. lessactivitythannormal. C. spikesinactivitylevel. D. moreactivitythannormal.

B

According to the social learning theory, whether we act aggressively depends on A. theaversiveevent. B. theanticipatedconsequences. C. theroleoftheparent. D. bodily symptoms

B

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behavior most clearly demonstrates A. theweaponseffect. B. displacement. C. instrumentalaggression. D. Parkinson's second law.

B

Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten a C. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of A. theadaptation-levelphenomenon. B. therelativedeprivationprinciple. C. displacement. D. Parkinson's second law.

B

Compared to the national rate, abused children are _______ times _______ likely to abuse their own children. A. 4;less B. 4;more C. 10;less D. 10;more

B

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _______ to the instigator. A. sharesnosimilarity B. sharessomesimilarity C. issomehowrelated D. is unrelated

B

Frustration is noted to arise from A. amismatchbetweenachievementsandrewards. B. thegapbetweenexpectationsandattainments. C. thedeprivationofelementsessentialtosurvival. D. learnedhelplessnessandhopelessness.

B

Gallup youth surveys show that the percent of 13- to 17-year-olds feeling that there is too much movie violence has A. increased. B. decreased. C. stayedthesame. D. changed depending on geographic area.

B

Hennigan and her colleagues (1982) found that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped after television was first introduced. This result can be explained in terms of the A. amountofcrimedepictedontelevision. B. thieves'senseoffeelingdeprivedrelativetowealthytelevisioncharactersand those portrayed in advertisements. C. thieves'lackofpositivesocializationexperiencesathomeandschool. D. amount of time spent watching TV.

B

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they A. begantocry. B. attackedaBobodoll. C. verballyattackedtheadultexperimenter. D. chose to watch a violent rather than a nonviolent film.

B

In an experiment conducted by Griffitt (1970), students who answered questionnaires while they were _______ reported feeling more tired and aggressive, and expressed more hostility toward a stranger than did participants in a control group. A. distractedbyloudnoises B. inanuncomfortablyhotroom C. beingcloselyobserved D. eating popcorn and peanuts

B

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that aggression is A. innate. B. adaptiveratherthanself-destructive. C. biologicallyinfluencedbutnotinstinctive. D. sociallylearned.

B

Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for A. silentandsocialaggressioninanimals. B. widevariationsofaggressivenessfromculturetoculture. C. biochemicalinfluencesonaggression. D. unprovokedoutburstsofaggression.

B

Instinctive behavior is behavior that is A. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species. B. innate,unlearned,andshownbyallmembersofaspecies. C. reflexiveandautomaticbuteasilyovercomebylearning. D. taught to members of a species.

B

Repeated exposure to erotic films that feature quick, uncommitted sex does NOT have which effect? A. tendstodecreaseattractionforone'spartner B. tendstoincreaseattractionforone'spartner C. tendstoincreaseacceptanceofextramaritalsex D. tends to increase acceptance of women's sexual submission to men

B

Repeated exposure to fictional scenes of a man overpowering and arousing a woman A. createdacatharsisexperienceformen. B. distortedpeople'sperceptionsofhowwomenactuallyrespondtosexualcoercion. C. decreasedmen'saggressionagainstwomen. D. created a climate of fear in women.

B

Research confirms that groups A. havelittleeffectonviolence. B. canamplifyaggressivetendencies. C. candiffuseaggressivetendencies. D. promote catharsis.

B

Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from A. aninnatesexualdrive. B. aprimitivedeathurge. C. observationofaggressiveadultmodelsD. blocking of goal-directed behavior.

B

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that A. hormonalinfluencesareasstronginhumansastheyareinloweranimals. B. afterage25,testosteroneandratesofviolentcrimedecreasetogether. C. variationsintestosteroneseemtohavenoeffectonbehaviorwithinthenormal range of teen boys and adult men. D. higherratesoftestosteroneareassociatedwithlessaggressivenessinmales.

B

The death penalty does not effectively deter homicide. One reason for this is that most murders are the result of A. hormonalinfluences. B. hostileaggression. C. instrumentalaggression. D. amalfunctioningamygdala.

B

The perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as A. adaptationlevelphenomenon. B. relativedeprivation. C. Parkinson'ssecondlaw. D. unjust-world principle.

B

The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that A. onespecificregionofthebraincontrolsaggression. B. activatingtheamygdalacanfacilitateaggressiveoutburstsinhumans. C. activatingtheoccipitallobecancauseatyrantmonkeytobemoredocile. D. activating the frontal lobe can trigger aggressive behavior.

B

Violent crimes are more likely committed A. in the winter rather than the summer. B. whentheweatherishot. C. onnightswithafullmoon. D. duringrainyperiods.

B

Which fact is TRUE? A. Thepresenceofgunsinthehomedoesnotaffectlevelsofviolence. B. IntheBobodollexperimentsbyBandura,watchingtheadultpoundthedollon TV had the same effect as watching it live. C. ViolentvideogamesdonothavethesameeffectasviolenceonTV. D. There is no relationship between the introduction of TV into a community and murder rates

B

Which hormone is most closely linked to aggression? A. estrogen B. testosterone C. adrenaline D. gonadotrophin

B

Which of the following actions is an example of instrumental aggression? A. murderingaspouseforinfidelity B. suicidalterroristbombings C. gossipingaboutsomeonewhenyouareangrywithhimorher D. having a fist fight with someone for scratching your car

B

Which of the following has been found to be an effect of sexual violence in movies and television? A. Womenaremorelikelytobelieverapeisaseriouscrime. B. Menhavebecomemoreacceptingofviolenceagainstwomen. C. Womenhavebecomemoreaggressivetowardotherwomen. D. Viewers are less accepting of violence against women.

B

Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text? A. Samaccidentallyslamsthecardoortooquickly,andithitsTim'sknee. B. LuisaurgesherclassmatesnottovoteforMarcyfordormitorysenator,citing some rumors about Marcy's social life. C. Carla,adentist,deliversashotofNovocainbeforepullingherpatient'stooth. D. Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm resulted in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time.

B

Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism that it tries to explain aggression by naming it? A. instrumentalaggressiontheory B. instincttheory C. frustration-aggressiontheory D. social-learning theory

B

Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck. You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise. Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise. Your experience is best explained in terms of A. theadaptation-levelphenomenon. B. therelativedeprivationprinciple. C. displacement. D. Parkinson's second law.

B

According to Anderson (2003), playing violent games might have a more toxic effect than watching violent television because A. theplayersarepassive. B. televisionappearsmore"real." C. playersplaytheroleofaviolentcharacter. D. television violence is not rewarded.

C

According to Berkowitz (1989), the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of A. gender. B. age. C. anger. D. neurotransmitters.

C

According to Gentile and Anderson (2003), "The scientific debate over whether media violence has an effect _______." A. hasjustbegun B. isanup-and-comingtopicofinquiry C. isbasicallyover D. is debatable

C

Adam frequently plays violent video games. Social psychologists would predict that Adam would therefore be likely to frequently A. watchmanyhoursoftelevision. B. accesspornography. C. getintofights. D. listen to rap music

C

As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in A. thesociallearningtheory. B. Parkinson'ssecondlaw. C. thecatharsishypothesis. D. theadaptation-levelphenomenon

C

Bushman (2002) invited angered participants to hit a punching bag while either ruminating about the person who angered them or thinking about becoming physically fit. A third group of participants did not hit the punching bag. When given a chance to administer loud blasts of noise to the person who angered them, people in _______ condition felt angrier and were more aggressive. A. thenon-punchingbag B. thepunchingbagplusfitnessthoughts C. thepunchingbagplusrumination D. noneofthe

C

Current motivational approaches to aggression suggest that frustration A. doesn'tleadtoaggressionafterall. B. reducesaggressionmorethanitstimulatesit. C. triggersanger,whichcangenerateaggressioninsomesituations. D. works by triggering the fight-or-flight regions of the brain.

C

Frustration grows when A. ourmotivationtoachieveagoalisweakened. B. wedidnotexpectgratification. C. wearecompletelyblockedinattainingourgoal. D. we are surprised by a consequence.

C

Groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by A. inhibitingimpulses. B. implementingthecatharticeffect. C. diffusingresponsibility. D. providingrolemodels.

C

How intense and reactive we are in infancy reflects our A. serotoninlevels. B. aggressiveinstinct. C. temperament. D. sociallearning.

C

In studies on violence, Eron and Huesmann (1980; 1985) found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were A. unlikely to finish high school. B. morelikelytogetadivorce. C. morelikelytobeconvictedofacrime. D. more likely to commit child abuse

C

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is A. theresultoffrustration. B. instinctive. C. alearnedresponse. D. theresultofdisplacement.

C

Juanita is upset with Rose, so during a social gathering she verbally cuts Rose down in front of others. Juanita's behavior is A. assertive. B. manipulative. C. aggressive. D. an example of displacement.

C

Kubey and Csikszentmihaly (2002) reported that compared to active recreation, television watching A. induceshostilemoods. B. isassociatedwithconsumingnon-nutritiousfood. C. suckspeople'senergyanddampenstheirmoods. D. creates a feeling of relaxation.

C

MacDonald and her colleagues (2000) found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about A. their physical shortcomings. B. theirgradesincollege. C. relationshipconflicts. D. their families.

C

Most murders are considered _______ aggression. A. manipulative B. duplicitous C. hostile D. instrumental

C

Mullen (1986) reported that the more people are in a lynch mob, the _______ the murder and mutilation. A. more frequent B. lessfrequent C. morevicious D. less vicious

C

Myers suggests that one way we could reduce aggression is by A. reactingtocrimeafterithappens. B. forbiddingchildrentowatchTV. C. trainingparentshowtodisciplinewithoutviolence. D. outlawing video games

C

Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression? A. An angry football player tackles a quarter back after he attempts a long pass. B. A jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both. C. A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him. D. A man smashes his TV set after he cannot get it to work.

C

Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can A. elicit frustration. B. sensitizeonetothedangersofviolence. C. primeaggressivethoughts. D. produce catharsis.

C

Surveys of adults and adolescents indicate that heavy viewers of TV violence A. become more sensitized to violence. B. underestimatethefrequencyofviolenceintheworld. C. aremorefearfulofbeingpersonallyassaulted. D. feel safer and better able to protect themselves.

C

The _______ view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy. A. sociallearning B. pornographic C. cathartic D. pain response

C

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called A. instrumentalaggression. B. hostileaggression. C. frustration. D. displacement.

C

Viewing sexually violent movies _______ men to brutality and results in _______ for domestic violence victims. A. sensitizes; less sympathy B. sensitizes;moresympathy C. desensitizes;less sympathy D. desensitizes; more sympathy

C

What is true about retaliation? A. Itreducestensioninthelongrun. B. Itdoesnotprovidepleasure. C. Inthelongrun,itfuelsmorenegativefeelings. D. When people who have been provoked hit a punching bag, it is cathartic.

C

When exploring why viewing violence on TV affects behavior, researchers consider all of the following EXCEPT A. arousal. B. disinhibition. C. desensitization. D. imitation.

C

Which action represents aggression? A. afiredemployeeseethingwithrage B. adentistdrillingatooth C. astrangershoutingprofanitiesatyou D. a clumsy person bumping into you

C

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Aversiveexperiences,includingfrustrations,discomfort,andpaincaninfluence aggression. B. Arousalfromanysource,includingphysicalexerciseorsexualstimulation,can be transformed into anger. C. Heavyexposuretotelevisedviolencedoesnotcorrelatewithaggressivebehavior. D. Repeatedly playing violent video games may increase aggressive thinking

C

Which one of the following does NOT predict increased aggression? A. maleactors B. anger-pronepersonalities C. non-alcoholuse D. violence viewing

C

Which statement regarding aggression is TRUE? A. Twin studies indicate that aggression is never genetic. B. NewZealandstudiesindicatethataggressioniscausedbyabuse. C. Alcoholenhancesaggressiveness. D. Aggression is caused by brain damage.

C

____ may explain why happiness levels are lower and crime rates are higher in areas with large income inequalities. A. Displacement B. Frustration-aggressiontheory C. Relativedeprivation. D. Social learning theory

C

_______ aggression springs from anger, and its only goal is to injure. A. Manipulative B. Duplicitous C. Hostile D. Instrumental

C

According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is A. hormonal factors. B. howmuchangerorfrustrationhasbuiltupinside. C. one'shereditarypredispositiontobeaggressive. D. observations of others' behavior.

D

According to Myers, in 2003 American and British leaders justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis, but as an instrumental act of liberation and of self- defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction. Social psychologists would consider this an example of _______ aggression. A. manipulative B. duplicitous C. hostile D. instrumental

D

Americans' ideas for protecting themselves include all of the following EXCEPT A. buy a gun for self-protection. B. build more prisons. C. impose a "three strikes and you're out" requirement of lifetime incarceration for violent crimes. D. don't kill people who kill.

D

In relation to aggression, the most studied environmental irritant is A. pain. B. cigarettesmoke. C. airpollution. D. heat.

D

Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that A. "bad genes" cause aggressive behavior. B. "badenvironments"causeaggressivebehavior. C. neithergenesnorenvironmentisresponsibleforaggressivebehavior. D. theinteractionofgenesandtheenvironmentcancauseaggressivebehavior.

D

Most terrorism is considered _______ aggression. A. manipulative B. duplicitous C. hostile D. instrumental

D

The pain-attack response has been observed in A. rats. B. monkeys. C. snakes. D. many varied species.

D

What can we conclude about the relationship between heat and aggression? A. Heatdirectlyfuelsaggressiveness. B. Thereisnorelationshipbetweenheatandaggression. C. Heatsuppressesviolence. D. The correlations between heat and aggression do not prove a causal relationship.

D

When in groups, aggression can increase because of all of the following EXCEPT A. self-identitydiminishes. B. conformitypressuresincrease. C. deindividuationincreases. D. self-identity increases.

D

Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text? A. dashedexpectations B. apersonalinsult C. physicalpain D. anunexpectedrequest

D

Which of the following statements about aggression is FALSE? A. Aversiveexperiences,includingfrustrations,discomfort,andpaincaninfluence aggression. B. Arousalfromanysource,includingphysicalexerciseorsexualstimulation,can be transformed into anger. C. Aggressioncues,suchasagun,increasethelikelihoodofaggressivebehavior. D. Repeatedly playing violent video games does not increase aggressive thinking

D

Which one of the following does NOT predict increased aggression? A. anonymity B. TypeApersonalities C. alcoholuse D. thepresenceoftheresearcher

D

Which one of the following is NOT one of the reasons that lead Buss and Shackelford (1997) to conclude that aggression was adaptive for our distant ancestors? A. Itwasastrategyforgainingresources. B. Ithelpedpeopledefendagainstattacks. C. Itintimidatedoreliminatedmalerivalsforfemales. D. It encouraged the rise of nations.

D

Which statement is NOT true? A. Sensationseekersaremorelikelytobeaggressive. B. Arousalfeedsemotions. C. Sexualarousalcanamplifyanger. D. Arousal has no effect on emotions.

D

_______ aggression aims to hurt only as a means to some other end. A. Manipulative B. Duplicitous C. Hostile D. Instrumental

D

ourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs. This will most likely lead him to A. experiencemoredistressatthesightofteensfightingonthestreets. B. underestimatetheactualfrequencyofviolentcrimesintheworld. C. becomemoreinterestedinresolvingtheconflictbetweentwoofhispersonal friends. D. become more fearful of being personally assaulted.

D