Psychology-Chapter 11
Which sequence correctly represents the developmental order for the three components of personality according to Freud?
Id, ego, superego
A researcher wanting to determine the common personality traits that can be used to describe all people would most likely use ____.
factor analysis
The most widely accepted trait theory is ____
five factor theory
Rosalinda wants a new doll, but she has no money. The thought of stealing the doll crosses Rosalindas mind, but she decides not to because stealing is wrong. According to Freud, Rosalinda's decision not to steal is most influenced by the ____.
superego
What part of Freud's personality judges right from wrong
superego
Using Raymond Cattell's terminology, we should expect that ____.
surface traits are more numerous than source traits
Research on the stability of personality traits has shown that ____.
some traits remain fairly stable over the course of adulthood
The superego is ____.
conscience
According to Freud, a childs ego begins to develop ____.
when it becomes necessary to deal with societal demands
According to Freud, the phallic stage occurs from ____ years of age.
3-6
A Freudian slip is ____.
An unconscious id impulse that is expressed before the ego can control it
Which of the following is considered a valid criticism of Freuds theories?
Because his theories were based primarily on case study and self-analysis, his observations may not have been objective.
Which of the following does humanistic psychology NOT emphasize?
Submission to authority
The Electra complex refers to a young ____ unconscious sexual urge to bond with _____.
girls; her father
Freuds psychosexual stages reflect ____.
natural shifts of pleasure from one part of the body to another
For Carl Jung, an archetype is a(n) ____.
mental representation that predisposes people to respond to the world in predictable ways
Who among the following is a neo-Freudian?
Carl Jung
____ believed that personality is greatly influenced by individual and personal choices centering around the self
Carl Rogers
Tai Pen is reliable, hardworking, and punctual. Tai Pen would score high on which dimension of the five factor trait theory?
Conscientiousness
For Carl Jung, the persona and shadow are ____.
Elements of ourselves that we either show or hide from the world.
What three elements constantly interact with each other in Albert Banduras concept of reciprocal determinism?
Environment, behavior, thoughts
Which of the following is one of the core traits in the five factor trait theory?
Extraversion
Which of the following represents the core traits in the five factor trait theory?
Extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Which sequence correctly represents the order of Freuds psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Which statement would be most agreeable to a trait theorist?
Personality characteristics tend to remain relatively stable as we age
Albert Banduras concept of reciprocal determinism is part of which theory of personality?
Social cognitive theory
Which of the following is regarded as one of Freuds valuable contributions to psychology?
The idea that adult behavior is influenced by childhood experiences
Self-efficacy, reciprocal determinism, and locus of control are all part of which view of personality?
The social cognitive view
Amelia is taking a personality test in which she is shown a series of images and asked to tell a story about the images. The clinician then codes Amelia's responses for any consistent themes, emotions, or issues. Amelia is most likely taking the ____.
Thematic Apperception Test
According to Freud, which part of a person's personality has the most energy?
Unconscious
Personality is ____.
a collection of characteristics that defines how a person behaves in different situations
At the bottom of Maslows hierarchy of needs is the need for ____.
food and water
Pedro has been arguing with his spouse lately, and this arguing has begun to cause Pedro serious problems in his marital relationship. Karen Horney would most likely say that Pedro's argumentative behavior stems from his ____.
basic anxiety
Alfred Adler emphasized the idea of ____.
birth order
Freudian theory contends that defense mechanisms are used ____.
by everyone on a regular basis
According to Gordon Allport, if a person is very assertive in most situations, assertiveness would be considered a ____ of that person.
central trait
Gordon Allport believed that there are three types of personality traits: ____.
central, secondary, and cardinal
A personality assessment tool that is used by most clinical psychologists is the ____.
clinical interview
One contribution of the social cognitive view to our understanding of personality is its emphasis on ____.
concepts that are easily researched scientifically
What level of human awareness are thoughts, impulses, and urges we are aware of
conscious
In Freuds iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg represents a persons ____.
conscious mind
Reliability refers to ____ whereas validity refers to _____.
consistency; measuring what it says it is measuring
Karen Horney believed that ____.
culture, family, and early relationships can affect basic anxiety levels
A young child begins to wait patiently for his favorite food while his father prepares it, rather than crying uncontrollably until he gets what he wants. Freud would say the child has now developed his ____.
ego
According to Freud, the ____ is protected by defense mechanisms
ego
What part of Freud's personality acts as a negotiator between the id and demands of society
ego
The humanistic view of personality differs from the social cognitive view of personality in that the humanistic view ____.
emphasizes matters related to the self
Humanistic theory has been praised for ____.
encouraging people to become aware of themselves
For Gordon Allport, central traits are ____, whereas cardinal traits are ____.
expressed across most situations; expressed across all situations
Stella believes that the events of her life are determined largely by a supreme being. Rotter would say that Stella has a(n) ____.
external locus of control
Being the life-of-the-party would be most consistent with having the trait of ____.
extraversion
Personality researchers Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck both used ____ to determine the important personality traits.
factor analysis
Anal-retentiveness is an example of ____.
fixation
Tomas has never felt very good about his accomplishments and typically will focus on any mistake he has made as a way of proving that he is not worthy. According to Adler, Tomas ____.
has developed an inferiority complex
Your friend has a high sense of self-efficacy in math class. That means that your friend ____.
has high expectations for success in math
Humanistic personality theory has been criticized for ____.
having a naïve and optimistic view of behavior
Hans is a moody, nervous, and irritable person. Eysenck would label Hans as ____.
high in neuroticism
Miguel believes that personality arises from personal choices and that people have a natural drive to fulfill their potential. Miguel's view is most consistent with the ____ view of personality.
humanistic
According to Freuds theory, your newborn nieces personality consists of ____.
id
Daniel hits his sister when he is mad at her. According to Freud, Daniels aggression is an impulse stemming from his ____.
id
From Freuds perspective, an adult who cannot resist an impulse to gamble all of his money is responding to the energy of his ____.
id
What part of Freud's personality seeks pleasure and gratification such as hunger, thirst, and sex
id
The humanistic view of personality emphasizes ____.
individual choices
The two dimensions of locus of control described in the textbook are ____.
internal and external
Having a high sense of self-efficacy would be most consistent with which of the following?
internal locus of control
Julian works hard to succeed in his business because he believes that he can determine whether or not he succeeds. Julian could be described as having a(n) ____.
internal locus of control
Yaritza is very shy. She avoids crowds and does not socialize much. According to Eysenck, Yaritza is high in ____.
introversion
Hans Eysenck originally proposed two personality factors called ____.
introversion/extraversion and emotional stability/neuroticism
Evan takes a personality test and it reveals that he is extraverted. Evan takes the same personality test six months later and it reveals that he is introverted. This personality test has ____.
low reliability
Human personality appears to be the product of ____.
many genes and multiple environmental events
According to Freud, a person whose oral needs were not met as a child would develop a(n) ____.
oral fixation
According to Carl Rogers, if a child experiences unconditional positive regard he or she is less likely to lose contact with the ____ established at birth
organismic valuing process
As an infant, Angelas actions and responses indicate that she likes to be snuggled tightly and to see interesting things. According to Rogers, these things that she likes form the basis for her future self-concept through the ____.
organismic valuing process
Vladimer has no memory of his year spent in kindergarten. According to Jung, Vladimer's memory of kindergarten resides in his ____.
personal unconscious
The MMPI-2 is a ____.
personality inventory
Neo-Freudians ____.
placed less emphasis on sex and aggression
In Freudian theory, the _______ principle drives the instincts of the id
pleasure
Before reading this question you probably were not thinking of the events surrounding your last birthday. If you can now remember your last birthday, Freud would most likely say that its memories existed in your ____.
preconscious
What is a holding place for accessible thoughts, impulses, and memories that we can become aware of
preconscious
A personality assessment tool that requires individuals to look at ambiguous pictures and describe what they see is a ____.
projective test
In later research, Hans Eysenck developed a third dimension of personality that he labeled ____.
psychoticism
The ego operates according to ____.
reality principle
If a researcher gives a personality test to several individuals and then gives them the same tests a few weeks later, she is most likely testing the ____ of the personality tests.
reliability
Two criteria to determine the suitability of personality tests are ____.
reliability and validity
According to Freud, the job of the ego is to ____.
satisfy the demands of both the id and the superego
Although Scott is not generally a sociable person, he can be, when he is with people that he knows quite well. Gordon Allport would consider Scott's sociability to be a ____.
secondary trait
According to Abraham Maslow, a person who is fulfilling all of her potential as a person has achieved ____.
self-actualization
At the top of Maslows hierarchy of needs is the need for ____.
self-actualization
The humanistic view of personality assumes that the ultimate goal of individuals is ____.
self-actualization
Carl Rogers believed that the actualizing tendency is ____.
set at birth
Freud emphasized that humans are ____.
similar to animals
Julian Rotters concept of locus of control is part of which theory of personality?
social cognitive theory
Which personality perspective most focuses on how the environment influences our behavior?
social cognitive theory
Raymond Cattell determined that there were 16 basic traits that could describe differences in personality. He called these ____ traits.
source
Freud believed that personality is a product of ____.
the interaction between conscious and unconscious forces
Eduardo loves Sue regardless of the things she does. According to humanists, Eduardo is exhibiting ____.
unconditional positive regard
A sexually promiscuous teenage girl may not realize that her motivations stem from conflicting emotions surrounding growing up without a father. Freud would most likely say that her motivations are arising from her ____.
unconscious
Freud believed that a persons ____ always influences behavior.
unconscious
As a child, Kelly would try to prevent her parents from holding hands, but she now has no memory of this. According to Freud, Kelly's memory of the attempts probably resides in her ____.
unconscious mind
