Psychology Chapter 11

_______________ love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another

Affectionate

__________ is giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Altruism

___________ are our opinions and beliefs about people, objects and ideas and how we feel about the world

Attitudes

Cognitive _______________ is the conflict that occur when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts

Dissonance

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called ________________

Effort justification

________ is giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring

Egoism

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ______________ influence

Normative social

The elaboration likelihood model refers to communication that can take two routes with persuasion: the __________ route or the _________ route

Peripheral, central

__________ is the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

Person perception

The theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called _____________ theory

Self-perception

____________ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

Social

___________ is the way in which individuals think in social situations

Social cognition

The equity in a relationship best describes _______________ theory

Social exchange

The __________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation

Fundamental

_____________ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view

Groupthink

_________ aggression refers to activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors

Relational

_______________ theory states that the way we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships us a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself

Social identity

The ________________ is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around

Bystander effect

Zimbardo explained that when an authority figure removes ________ responsibility, true evil can emerge

Personal

______________ is an unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

Prejudice

______________ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior

Self-perception

The _____________ bias refers to the tendency ti take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failure

Self-serving

________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are

Attribution

_____________ love is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved

Companionate

_______________ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility

Deindividuation

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called ______________

Discrimination

Social ___________ occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the reduced accountability for individual effort

Loafing

The ________________ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive

Observational

__________ aggression refers to directly physically or verbally harming another person

Overt

___________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or their behavior

Persuasion

Group ______________ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion

Polarization

When considering factors of attraction, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as _________. There is also acquaintance, and ___________

Proximity, similarity

______________ occurs when a decision is riskier when made by a group than by an individual

Risky shift

__________ love is also called passionate love, had has strong components of sexuality and infatuation

Romantic

__________________ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors and abilities in relation to other people

Social comparison

____________ is the study of how people think about, influence and relate to other people

Social psychology

Social __________ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others

Facilitation

__________ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly

Heuristics

___________ cultures value personnel accomplishments and emphasize uniqueness, and have been associated with lower levels of conformity

Individualistic

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _______________________ influence

Informational social

The _______________ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing

Mere exposure

______________ is behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual theory

Obedience