Psychology Chapter 12

Psychotherapy

A non-medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

Psychosis

A state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

Social Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia

An intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster.

Referential Thinking

Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.

Abnormal Behavior

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

________ is an eating disorder in which a person consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Bulimia nervosa

Risk Factor

Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder.

Personality Disorders

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality.

The ________ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Anxiety Disorders

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Disorder Characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

Eating Disorder Characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Delusions

False, unusual and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors and relationships.

________ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. ________ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.

Hallucinations; Delusions

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

Maladaptive

Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

Depressive Disorders

Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression - an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

________ refers to a disorder that develops through exposure to a disturbing or distressing event that overwhelms a person's abilities to cope.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and of marked impulsively beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Psychological disorder characterized by guiltiness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Specific Phobia

Psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness for at least two weeks.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by bodily symptoms that either are very distressing or interfere with a person's functioning along with excessive thoughts, feeling, and behaviors about the symptoms.

Dissociative Disorders

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (seperation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.

_______ refers to a nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

Psychotherapy

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

Schizophrenia

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.

Catatonia

State of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Flat Affect

The display of little or no emotion - a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Comorbidity

The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person. The conditions are referred to as "comorbid"

Applied Behavior Analysis or Behavior Modification

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Medical Model

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

_______ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

A person with schizophrenia who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

_______ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

Which of the following people is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for their own personal gain

A person who is in relentless pursuit of thinness, so much so that they are starving themselves to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of

anorexia nervosa

The ________ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality

biological

Which of the following refers to the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person?

comorbidity

Tyree has been in a state of incessant worry for almost half a year now. He has trouble sleeping and breathing. Dr. Simons, a psychiatrist, asks Tyree detailed questions about his symptoms and medical history. Tyree tells Dr. Simons that he cannot stop worrying and is constantly nervous. Tyree also complains of muscular tension and stomach problems. After conducting a quick examination of Tyree's symptoms, Dr. Simons discovers that Tyree's incessant worry does not have a particular cause, and it has taken a physical toll on Tyree's health. Which of the following disorders is Dr. Simons most likely to diagnose Tyree with?

generalized anxiety disorder

The main medical treatment for bipolar disorder is

lithium

Vicente cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Vicente doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Vicente is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder

You are having dinner with your friend who experiences a sudden onset of intense terror, without warning and with no specific cause. Your friend would most likely be diagnosed as suffering from

panic disorder

Lewis is afraid of stairs and slopes. He avoids climbing the stairs in any building and always uses the elevator. He goes to great lengths to stay away from houses or other buildings that do not have elevators. Which of the following anxiety disorders does Lewis most likely exhibit in this scenario?

specific phobia

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

the psychological approach