Psychology Chapter 13

Which speaker is likely to be viewed as the most credible?

A professor of water resources speaking on behalf of a community lacking safe water

Which of the following examples does not fit an evolutionary model to account for altruistic behavior?

Altruism is transmitted by a culture through learning.

What is the uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behaviors and attitudes do not match?

Cognitive dissonance

What causes us to view a person's behavior as the result of his or her disposition, even when the behavior can be completely explained by the situation in which it occurs?

Correspondence bias

Which of the following reflects a problem that results from the self-serving bias?

Failure to learn from one's mistakes

Why might being a cooperator provide a survival advantage?

Having a reputation for cooperating can motivate others to cooperate with that person.

Benny received a C on his Psychology exam and an A on his Western Civilization exam. Which of the following would best reflect Benny's reasoning if he exhibited a self-serving bias?

His Psychology grade was because he was coming down with the flu and his Western Civilization grade was because he has an innate gift for understanding the past.

Why was the Stanford Prison Study (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973) stopped well ahead of schedule?

Inappropriate behaviors by study participants

Which of the following is accurate regarding individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to show a group-serving bias.

What did Milgram conclude in applying his research results to the Holocaust?

Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.

What level of support do brain imaging studies provide for cognitive dissonance?

Substantial support

What is the definition of social facilitation?

The change in performance due to the presence of other people

What might be a purpose of the mere exposure effect from an evolutionary perspective?

To avoid unfamiliar and possibly dangerous stimuli

In which of the following situations is Molly more likely to comply with the request of Valeria, whom she is meeting for the first time?

Valeria is an attractive and energetic woman about the same age as Molly.

Performance of which activities are most likely to improve in front of an audience?

Well-practiced activities

Melania has always wanted to go to college at MIT. She applied but was not accepted to MIT; however, she was accepted at Michigan Tech. At first, she was crushed, but then she started telling all her teachers and friends that "Michigan Tech is a far more interesting school." Her statement reflects an attempt to reduce ____.

cognitive dissonance

The immersion of an individual within a group, leading to anonymity, is called ____.

deindividuation

Luke and Laura would like their marriage to last, so they try to share household and childcare responsibilities and provide each other with some time to pursue individual interests or relax. Their relationship could be described as ____.

equitable

Grace is serving on a jury for the first time. She entered the jury room with a dollar amount in mind for damages but, following deliberations, she finds that the vast majority of the jury members are committed to the idea of a much higher dollar amount. Grace agreed to a significantly higher number. This is an example of ____.

group polarization

The assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is called a(n) ____.

just-world belief

Janette goes into a car dealership to buy a new car. The salesperson works with her to find the right model, and she agrees to buy a new car for $25,250. Just when she is ready to pay, the salesperson walks away for a minute and then comes back to inform her that the car she was ready to purchase can't be sold for less than $25,750. She agrees to the extra $500 even though they had initially agreed on the $25,250 selling price. Janette has fallen for the ________ technique of gaining compliance.

low-balling

Joanne's dog is very large, but also very dominant. When her dog meets another dog, he growls and shows his teeth. This is an example of ____.

minimizing within-group conflict by clear signals of dominant status

Mary and Paul made a great deal of money recently by winning the lottery. They come from families of little education or money. They moved to a beautiful new home in a neighborhood well known for the wealth and high social status of its residents. The neighbors have been very unfriendly to them, ignore their attempts to make friends, and talk badly to each other about the new family in the neighborhood. This is an example of ____ aggression.

relational

Mrs. Martin, a physics teacher, is also the advisor to the high-school chess team. She sees that a new student, Mariah, has beaten their top player, David. She wonders whether David let Mariah win because she is so attractive. This is an example of maintaining a stereotype through ____.

situational attribution

For an individual or small group to influence a larger group, it is important to ____.

speak with consistency and confidence

People are more likely to be persuaded by a message delivered by someone ____.

with whom they share some similarity