Psychology Chapter 13, Psychology Chapter 12, Psychology Chapter 11, Psychology Chapter 14

According to psychiatrist Aaron Beck, clients make the cognitive error of minimizing the importance of negative events.

False

In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimuli is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase that behavior.

False

__________is a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance.

Posttraumatic-stress-disorder

What are psychological disorders? Explain its characteristics in detail.

Psychological disorders are patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning. It's characterized by anxiety. They are unusual, suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality, suggest severe personal distress, self defeating, dangerous, and the behavior of the individual is socially unacceptable.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

__________is a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.

Stupor

Cory was driving when an accident killed his best friend who was sitting in the car with him. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:

dissociative amnesia.

According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems reflect:

early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.

In client-centered therapy,__________refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.

empathy

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has reached the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion-stage

Psychological disorders are:

sometimes characterized by anxiety.

According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

there is an overproduction of dopamine.

​ _________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

​Biological factors

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as _________.​

​benzodiazepines

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

__________is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge.

Dissociative-identity-disorder

In psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them is called free association.

False

People with schizoid personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.

False

Psychological disorders are predictable responses to specific events, such as, experiencing a panic attack when you realize a term paper is due the next day.

False

The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

False

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy?

It is less expensive than individual sessions.

In psychoanalysis, which of the following statements best describes catharsis?

It is the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them.

_________ is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations.​

Modeling

__________is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.

Obsessive-compulsive-disorder

Explain in detail the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Post traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety, and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic experience. It is also characterized by features such as intense fear and avoidance.

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

Rebound anxiety

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of group therapy?

Relationship problems are magnified.

__________refers to a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback.

Social-skills-training

​The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called _________.

​self-efficacy expectation

Psychotherapy refers to _________ between a client and a therapist.​

​systematic interaction

In client-centered therapy, _________ refers to respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals.​

​unconditional positive regard

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of__________in the brain.

noradrenaline

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he is an evil person who will murder somebody, even though he is not capable of the heinous act. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Explain antipsychotic drugs in brief.

Antipsychotic drugs are thought to act by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. They reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

__________refers to the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors.

Behavior-therapy

Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?

Delusions

Raul goes to a therapist. The therapist asks him to relax by lying on a couch and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to his mind. Through this process, the therapist hopes for some unconscious information to be revealed. Which of the following psychoanalytic techniques does the therapist use?

Free association

__________is characterized by feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration.

Generalized-anxiety-disorder

__________was originated by Fritz Perls.

Gestalt-therapy

__________is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.

Hallucination

__________is the erroneous belief that one is being victimized or made to suffer.

Ideas-of-persecution

Which of the following is true of psychotherapy?

It influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

_________ is a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety.​

Neuroticism

__________refers to Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.

Systematic-desensitization

What are the advantages of group therapy?

The advantages of group therapy are: 1. It is economical. It allows the therapist to work with several clients at once. 2. Compared with one-to-one therapy, group therapy provides more information and life experience for clients to draw on. 3. Appropriate behavior receives group support. Clients usually appreciate an outpouring of peer approval. 4. When we run into troubles, it is easy to imagine that we are different from other people. Affiliating with people with similar problems is reassuring. 5. Those who show improvement within the group give hope to others. 6. The people in the groups can role-play with other people.

What are the various qualities of a client-centered therapy?

The qualities of this type of therapist are unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. The therapy itself creates a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that encourages self-exploration and self-expression.

Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection.

True

According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in__________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.

absolutist-thinking

Terry was molested by her male colleague a week ago. Since then, she has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as:

acute stress disorder.

Steve's physician has prescribed medication that belongs to a class of chemicals known as benzodiazepines. Steve is most likely to be treated for _____.​

anxiety

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:

are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

The__________of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.

biopsychosocial-perspective

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of__________.

bipolar-disorder

People with__________have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression.

bipolar-disorder

People with__________are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.

body-dysmorphic-disorder

To__________is to interpret negative events as being disastrous or to "blow out of proportion."

catastrophize

A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is:

conversion disorder.

John is an executive who has a stressful job that frequently requires him to work overtime. He is also overweight because he does not exercise enough. Due to office politics, he has a lot of bottled-in anger. He is most likely at risk for:

coronary heart disease.

A form of group therapy that may be undertaken from the systems approach is called__________.

family-therapy

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

may occur months or years after the event.

People with panic attacks tend to:

misinterpret bodily cues and to view them as threats.

Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n)__________.

rational-emotive-behavior-therapist

Type B people:

relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life.

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of__________.

schizoid-personality-disorder

The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called__________.

self-efficacy-expectation

Katie is excessively fearful of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid any social contact with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with__________.

social-phobia

Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of _________.​

​conditioning and observational learning

A person with _________ is suddenly unable to recall important personal information.​

​dissociative amnesia

Amnesia is frequently associated with _____.​

​dissociative disorders

Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy _________.​

​is directive

Briefly explain the four essentials of psychotherapy.

1. Systematic interaction- It is an interaction between a client and therapist. It determines how they interact with each other. 2. Psychological principles- It is based on psychological theory and research in personality, learning, motivation, and emotion. 3. Thoughts, feelings, and behavior- This type of therapy influences these aspects. 4. Psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth- It is used to help people with disorders, problems they have, and help clients learn more about themselves.

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal, so he can cope with his work more effectively. Which of the following approaches does Susan use?

Cognitive therapy

What is dissociative amnesia?

Dissociative amnesia is a dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained. It is the sudden inability to recall important personal information. The most common example is when the person cannot recall events for a number of hours after a stressful incident, as in warfare.

Electroconvulsive therapy has no side effects.

False

What is the reason for using the term Gestalt in Gestalt therapy?

The term was used to signify Perls's interest in giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape.

Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis?

To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems

Behavior therapy applies _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes.​

​principles of learning

What are two qualities of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy?

Active and directive

__________is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Acute-stress-disorder

Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It interferes with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Which anxiety disorder does Amanda exhibit?

Agoraphobia

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

Antidepressant

__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.

Anxiety-disorder

In cases of domestic violence, it is usually the partner with less power in a relationship that is the violent one.

True

In rational emotive behavior therapy, Albert Ellis pointed out that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them.

True

Many psychological disorders experienced by Native Americans involve the disruption of their traditional culture caused by European colonization.

True

Obsessions are so compelling and recurrent that they disrupt daily life.

True

People with body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.

True

Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:

the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in an exhaustion stage,__________.

the-muscles-become-fatigued-and-the-body-is-depleted-of-the-resources-required-for-combating-stress

_________ is characterized by indifference to relationships and flat emotional response.​

​Schizoid personality disorder

_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.​

​Specific phobias

The _____ of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.​

​biopsychosocial perspective

Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____.​

​borderline personality disorder

A(n) _________ is a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id.​

​ego analyst

People with _________ insist that they are suffering from a serious physical malady, even though no medical evidence of sickness can be found.​

​illness anxiety disorder

Psychodynamic therapy, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy consider psychological disorders to occur as a result of _____.​

​internal conflict

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house will get robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from _____.​

​obsessive-compulsive disorder

​People with _________ do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of paranoid schizophrenia.

​paranoid personality disorder