Psychology Chapter 14 Test Questions

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance? a. It improves performance on unenjoyable tasks and hinders a person's performance on enjoyable tasks. b. It improves performance on poorly learned tasks and hinders a person's performance on well-learned tasks. c. It improves performance on physical tasks and hinders a person's performance on mental tasks. d. It improves performance on verbal tasks and hinders a person's performance on mathematical tasks. e. It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

e. It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when a. there are striking differences of opinion among group members. b. self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced. c. false stereotypes influence perceptions of others. d. attitudes affect actions through normative social influences. e. an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.

e. an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude? a. two-factor theory b. frustration-aggression theory c. social exchange theory d. attribution theory e. cognitive dissonance theory

e. cognitive dissonance theory

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called a. deindividuation. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. social loafing. d. implicit prejudice. e. cognitive dissonance.

e. cognitive dissonance.

In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely? a. high school students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade b. a highway crew responsible for filling potholes in streets and expressways c. a game show audience instructed to applaud when the host appears on stage d. Girl Scouts who must gather wood for a campfire e. factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually

e. factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually

Makato, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, is physically unattractive. Compared with good-looking students, Makato is more likely to a. become a loving and dependent brother. b. be physically coordinated and athletic. c. be well liked by other male students. d. earn low grades in his courses. e. have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.

e. have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of a. altruism. b. individualism. c. deindividuation. d. stereotypes. e. norms.

e. norms.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called a. ingroup bias. b. the bystander effect. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the fundamental attribution error.

e. the fundamental attribution error.

Chamelon Effect

Applies to people who are getting along so well, each tend to mimic each other's body posture, hand gestures, speaking accents, among others.

Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility

Bystander Effect: This phenomenon refers to people's inability to help out a victim if more witnesses are there. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action. This causing people to not take action. Diffusion of Responsibility: People feel less responsible for not helping a victim if more people are there as witnesses. It makes them feel that everyone is sharing the blame and not one person is responsible for not helping.

Asch

Conducted an experiment to test how people conformed to others' behaviors. They got a group men together that were in on the experiment and one that was not. He knew their answers were wrong but they found that he was willing to say the wrong answer even though he knows the right answer. When he answered differently, the other men would look at him in distain.

In Miligram's study, explain one thing that led to more obedience and one thing that led to less obedience.

More: When the authorize figure were in close proximity and if the experiment is being held in a respected organization Less: They didn't like inflicting pain

Zimbardo and Deindividuation

Zimbardo conducted an experiment known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. This showed Deindividuation by allowing prisoners and guards alike to feel a sense of being anonymous. They felt since they were anonymous and apart of the group, the guards had no shame placing punishment and the prisoners told the guards on each other to stay out of trouble. Prisoners felt anonymous with their ID numbers.

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of a. deindividuation. b. social facilitation. c. the bystander effect. d. the mere exposure effect. e. ingroup bias.

a. deindividuation.

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in a. discrimination. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. deindividuation. d. stereotyping. e. confirmation bias.

a. discrimination.

The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the a. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. b. reciprocity norm. c. mere exposure effect. d. fundamental attribution error. e. bystander effect.

a. foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for a. group polarization. b. the bystander effect. c. social facilitation. d. GRIT. e. cognitive dissonance.

a. group polarization.

Attribution theory was designed to account for a. how people explain others' behavior. b. social facilitation and social loafing. c. the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. d. the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations. e. the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.

a. how people explain others' behavior.

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called a. prejudice. b. discrimination. c. deindividuation. d. scapegoating. e. groupthink.

a. prejudice.

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of a. scapegoat theory. b. social facilitation. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the bystander effect. e. the just-world phenomenon.

a. scapegoat theory.

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates a. social facilitation. b. group polarization. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the bystander effect.

a. social facilitation.

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates a. social loafing. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. group polarization. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the bystander effect.

a. social loafing.

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as a. social loafing. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. the bystander effect. d. deindividuation. e. group polarization.

a. social loafing.

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink? a. "It's important for each of us to think critically about this issue. " b. "We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue." c. "We should probably divide into subgroups and arrive at independent decisions." d. "Make sure that we listen carefully to everyone's ideas, even if we don't agree with them." e. "We will need some outside experts to critique our decisions."

b. "We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."

Altruism is best described as a. exerting greater effort when working in the presence of others. b. behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others. c. experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar. d. acting as if the suffering of others doesn't bother us. e. complying with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

b. behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates a. normative social influence. b. central route persuasion. c. social facilitation. d. cognitive dissonance. e. peripheral route persuasion.

b. central route persuasion.

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates a. the fundamental attribution error. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. social facilitation.

b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of a. the bystander effect. b. the just-world phenomenon. c. deindividuation. d. ingroup bias. e. the mere exposure effect.

b. the just-world phenomenon.

Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if a. he stated his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion. b. the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion. c. he has a high level of self-esteem. d. he personally dislikes the other committee members and wishes he were on a more prestigious college committee. e. committee voting is done by private ballot.

b. the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of a. deindividuation. b. ingroup bias. c. companionate love. d. groupthink. e. social facilitation.

c. companionate love.

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people a. become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. b. often fail to notice the influence they exert on others. c. experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. d. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. e. more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request.

c. experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to a. clarify reality. b. avoid deindividuation. c. gain social approval. d. maintain personal control. e. demonstrate self-restraint.

c. gain social approval.

If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of a. social loafing. b. the bystander effect. c. group polarization. d. deindividuation. e. social facilitation.

c. group polarization.

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which a. little communication is possible. b. each individual has a unique perspective. c. individuals share a similar opinion. d. individuals have not formed any opinion. e. diverse opinions are shared.

c. individuals share a similar opinion.

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates a. the fundamental attribution error. b. scapegoating. c. ingroup bias. d. the just-world phenomenon. e. the reciprocity norm.

c. ingroup bias.

Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be a. less attractive than themselves. b. insecure. c. mature. d. more attractive than themselves. e. submissive.

c. mature.

Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to a. informational social influence. b. deindividuation. c. normative social influence. d. the reciprocity norm. e. social facilitation.

c. normative social influence.

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of a. self-disclosure on conciliation. b. frustration on aggression. c. role-playing on attitudes. d. team membership on social loafing. e. groupthink on social conflict.

c. role-playing on attitudes.

Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of ________ tasks. a. unenjoyable b. challenging c. simple d. stressful e. novel

c. simple

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called a. social-responsibility norms. b. mirror-image perceptions. c. social scripts. d. superordinate goals. e. situational attributions.

c. social scripts.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when a. they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter. b. the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves. c. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher." d. they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished. e. they were introduced to the "learner" before the experiment began.

c. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates a. the social exchange theory. b. mirror-image perceptions. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the fundamental attribution error. e. the bystander effect.

c. the mere exposure effect.

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as a. self-disclosure. b. social exchange. c. altruism. d. companionate love. e. the mere exposure effect.

d. companionate love.

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will a. experience contempt for the older woman. b. experience a sense of empathy for the older woman. c. experience the emotional benefits of altruism by helping the older woman. d. fail to notice the older woman's problem. e. help the woman by calling an ambulance.

d. fail to notice the older woman's problem.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to a. experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar. b. neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. c. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. d. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. e. lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

d. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.