Psychology Chapter 3

The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximately which week following conception?

1

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as a teratogen?

1. antibiotics 2. synthetic estrogen 3. acne medications

Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy?

1. babies born small for gestational age 2. low birth weight

Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?

1. chemical pollutants 2. radiation 3. toxic waste

Which of the following substances can cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus? Select all that apply:

1. cortisol 2. oxygen

Which of the following are complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy? Select all that apply:

1. depression 2. diabetes 3. hypertension

Which are medical issues with the mother that may place a developing fetus at risk for neural tube defects?

1. diabetes 2. obesity

Which of the following issues in newborns have been linked to maternal diabetes?

1. diabetes in offspring 2. physical defects

What are ways that a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?

1. during delivery 2. through breastfeeding 3. across the placental barrier

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

1. fetal 2. embryonic 3. germinal

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?

1. heart problems 2. facial deformities 3. learning problems

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following? Select all that apply:

1. impaired motor development 2. deficits in behavioral self-regulation 3. impaired language development

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following?

1. lower intelligence 2. stillbirth

Regarding paternal risk factors, which of the following statements are true?

1. older fathers appear to have an increased risk of having children with autism 2. if a father smokes while the mother is pregnant, there is an increased risk for early pregnancy loss 3. there is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in offspring of older fathers

When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, which of the following may occur?

1. physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus 2. the pregnant woman is likelier to engage in unhealthier behavior

Women who are pregnant at age 35 or older are at an elevated risk of having a pregnancy with which of the following complications?

1. preterm birth 2. fetal death

Pollution has made many fish a risky choice for pregnant women. Which of the following may contain especially high levels of mercury and should be avoided?

1. shark 2. swordfish

______ molecules can typically cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus, while ______ molecules cannot.

1. small 2. large

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

1. social services 2. nutritional services 3. comprehensive educational services

Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy? Select all that apply:

1. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 2. respirator problems 3. ADHD 4. low birth weight

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period? Select all that apply:

1. support systems for cells begin to form 2. organs begin to appear

Which of these is are strategies for minimizing the impact of maternal obesity on a pregnancy?

1. weight loss prior to pregnancy 2. increased exercise prior to pregnancy 3. limiting gestational weight gain

1. conception to two weeks post-conception 2. two weeks to eight weeks, post-conception 3. two months post-conception to birth

1. zygote 2. embryo 3. fetus

When a mother reaches 40, the probability that her baby will have Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______.

100

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

38 to 40

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the ______.

ectoderm

After the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as the ______.

embryo

Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is called a(n)

embryo

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, it is called a(n) ________.

embryo

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the ______ period.

embryonic

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

embryonic

The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______.

embryonic period

The ______ is the inner layer of embryonic cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems.

endoderm

The lower layer of embryonic cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system, is called the

endoderm

The use of ______ during pregnancy can help to condition the body, avoid depression, decrease weight gain, and improve the mother's mental state.

exercise

True or false: Research has concluded that the offspring of diabetic mothers are NOT at risk for diabetes.

false

Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?

fetal

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the

fetal period

______ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.

folic acid

During the ______ month of the pregnancy the mother will typically first feel the baby move.

fourth

Kiley has just felt a quick flutter feeling from her baby's movements. This information tells us that Kiley would probably be in her ___ month of her pregnancy.

fourth

The ___ , Correct Unavailable period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or

germinal

The ___ period is the first period of prenatal development, when the egg is fertilized and cell division takes place.

germinal

The ______ period of prenatal development takes place in the first two weeks after conception.

germinal

Approximately 11 to 15 days after conception, ______ takes place.

implantation

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as ______.

implantation

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.

lower intelligence

Physicians recommend that pregnant women avoid certain fish, such as swordfish and king mackerel, because they contain high levels of

mercury

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the ______.

mesoderm

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid ______.

mitosis

Approximately 6-24 weeks after conception, cells move to different parts of the body in order to create different brain structures. This process is called ______.

neural migration

The creation of new neurons is called

neurogenesis

Individual nerve cells known as ________ are involved in information processing at the cellular level in the brain.

neurons

Nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level, are known as

neurons

According to the U.S. surgeon general,

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy

The process of organ development during the first 2 months of prenatal development is known as

organogenesis

The ___ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and offspring that intertwine but don't join.

placenta

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the ______.

placenta

___ drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

psychoactive

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

Infants exposed to heroin during prenatal development exhibit all of the following problems, EXCEPT ______.

sickle-cell anemia

Before the ______ month of pregnancy, a fetus is unlikely to survive outside the womb.

sixth

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and fetal and neonatal deaths are more common among the offspring of mothers who ___ during pregnancy

smoke

A lack of folic acid is associated with increased risk of

spina bifida

___ is a sexually transmitted infection that is more damaging later in prenatal development and can cause skin lesions and eye lesions that can result in blindness.

syphilis

Which of the following statements about the effects of maternal disease during pregnancy is NOT TRUE?

syphilis is particularly dangerous in the first two months after conception

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive, behavioral or physical outcomes is a(n)

teratogen

Any agent that can potentially cause cognitive, behavioral or physical harm to the developing embryo or fetus is a(n) ______.

teratogen

The ______ can result in blood-type incompatibility that can endanger the fetus.

Rh factor

Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.

According to research about the possible effects of maternal stress and depression during pregnancy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

across the nine months of pregnancy, the risk of a preterm birth was highest when maternal stress occurred during the first month

The developing embryo floats in the ___, which resembles a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid.

amnion

The life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the ______.

amnion

When the highest regions of the brain fail to develop due to the lack of closure of the neural tube, _______ may develop resulting in infant death.

anencephaly

Research indicates that high doses of what nonprescription drug can contribute to fetal bleeding?

aspirin

Infants whose mothers are addicted to heroin show several ______ difficulties at birth.

behavioral

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the

blastocyst

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells called the ______.

blastocyst

In the germinal period, the zygote undergoes rapid ___ division.

cell

___, which begins the week after conception, is the specialization of cells.

differentiation

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

drank alcohol

Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)

three

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable ___ months after conception.

three

There are ___ layers of cells within the embryo.

three

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

Prenatal development can be described in terms of equal three-month time periods called

trimesters

The outer layer of cells around the embryo (which will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo) is called the

trophoblast

The outer layer of cells that eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the ______.

trophoblast

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

true

True or false: HIV can be transmitted through breast feeding.

true

True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.

true

True or false: Incompatibility between the mother's and father's blood types may pose a risk to prenatal development.

true

During the last ___ months of prenatal development, fatty tissues develop and the functioning of various organ systems steps up.

two

The embryonic period occurs from ___ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

two

Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last ______ of pregnancy.

two months

Consisting of two arteries and one vein, the ___ ___ connects the baby to the placenta.

umbilical cord

What are the guidelines involving X-rays during pregnancy?

x-rays are generally considered safe, as long as the abdomen is protected

The fertilized egg is called the ______.

zygote