psychology chapter 5, 6, 7, 9 questions

What does AMID stand for?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Which theory is commonly referred to as the "aha!" phenomenon?

Which theory is commonly referred to as the "aha!" phenomenon?

which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

a computer hard drive

Henry Gustav Molaison infamously known as H.M. was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call

anterograde amnesia

Cognitive universalism tends to __the linguistic relativity hypothesis

contradict

Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as?

learning / performance

Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as

selective attention

Which of the following questions would be most likely to produce divergent thinking?

"How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?"

By what age do IQ scores start to become meaningless?

16

In Terman's study if gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problems occurred only in those with IQs of

180 or higher

Researchers believe that up to the age of ________, individuals possess the ability to understand phonemes of all languages.

9 months

According to Noam Chomsky, what is language acquisition device?

A biological element of the brain that allows us to learn language

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Which test came first?

Binet's mental ability test

Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos

Randall believes that aliens are currently living deep under the ocean. When looking for information about this on the internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits sites that support it. This is an example of?

Confirmation bias

Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?

Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program

In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers?

Emotional intelligence

Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specifically hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory

He should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten

Leticia wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. She had watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. But when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. Which of the following elements of observational learning was Leticia's problem?

Imitation

In Gardner's view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in _______ intelligence.

Interpersonal

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

Pavlov's classical conditioning

The basic units of sound in a language are known as?

Phonemes

According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence has a low relationship to academic success and would be the most difficult to measure in the classroom?

Practical

One day at schooling, someone collides with you in the hall and knocks you down, causing you to be angry. However, when playing football with friends, if you get knocked down, you do not express anger. What theory best explains how we label each situation and choose the appropriate emotion to show?

Schachter-Singer

In Maslow's theory, how often do people reach a point of self-actualization?

Seldom, although there are times in a person's life when they are self-actualized at least temporarily.

When you take your final exam in your psychology class what type of memory will you most certainly need to ask us to answer each question?

Semantic

Professor Becker designed an IQ test. To validate this test, the professor should be careful to do which of the following?

Strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert back to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior

Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?

Thorndike's law of effect

As a young child, Tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear whenever he sees a spider. This is an example of

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

"I believe that emotions and physiological arousal tend to happen simultaneously." Which theorist would be responsible for making such a statement?

Walter Cannon or Philip Bard

Which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's disease?

acetylcholine

People high in the need for______ want to be liked by others and are good team players.

affiliation

In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use

age-group camparison norms

Chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Chantal's memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with

amygdala

Positive reinforcement results in a _______ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a _______ in the target behavior.

an increase; an increase

In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants who received epinephrine and were in the company of the "angry" research confederate interpreted their physiological arousal as ____, whereas those who were exposed to the "happy" confederate interpreted their arousal as ____.

anger; happiness

which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of emotion?

attention

the tendency of certain elements to enter long term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines

automatic encoding

Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of

biological preparedness

Jermaine eats a late breakfast at 10:00 am but finds he is hungry at 11:30 am when he typically eats lunch. What best explains his hunger pains only 90 minutes after eating breakfast?

classical conditioning

Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He responded that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n) _________

conditioned stimulus

Shantel spent a year living abroad in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, two years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due to:

decay theory

to a dog ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer

dog food ; a frisbee

What motivational theory relies heavily on the concept of homeostasis?

drive-reduction theory

______________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep the flow of conversations and remember what was just said

echoic

What may be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices?

emotional intelligence

Collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot" but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the _______________ explanation of forgetting.

encoding failure

you are surprised by the fact that you can not remember if Abraham lincoln's head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surpassing given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information

encoding failure

According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory

everything that can be seen at one time

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. What has occurred?

extinction

If a person carries out a behavior to receive an outcome that is separate from the person, this is known as

extrinsic motivation

Eileen smiles wherever she goes. She smiles a lot in the classroom, which in turn, prompts her fellow students to smile, making them feel happier too. This effect is best explained by which of the following theories of emotion?

facial feedback

Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

fixed interval

Dr. Thomas has found that William, her patient, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair, which has resulted in a deficiency of a protein needed for William's brain development. Most likely suffers from

fragile X syndrome

One day at work, Pauline's earring fell on the floor and she was unable to find the back. To keep from loosing her earring, Pauline reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Pauline overcame

functional fixedness

In terms of arousal and task difficulty, easy tasks typically demand a _______ level for optimal performance, whereas difficult tasks require a _______ level.

high-moderate, low moderate

Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his _______ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures.

hippocampi

If calorie intake stays the same, as the basal metabolic rate decreases, the weight set point______?

increases

While taking a shower, Miguel suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. When later asked how he solved this problem, Miguel said, "The answer just seemed to pop into my head." Miguel's experience is an example of?

insight

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "It just came to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as

insight learning

Dr. Miller works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate of timely health care. What might these children be at risk for?

intellectual disability

What does the Flynn effect theorize?

intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ______, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ______.

involuntary; voluntary

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Wholf theorized that ____________, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis

language shapes thoughts

Lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of?

latent learning

Damage to the______ in rats can cause them to starve to death while damage to the ________ will cause them to eat and eat and eat.

lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she have up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concepts might explain her reluctance?

learned helplessness

The goal of all test developers is to _________ cultural bias in their intelligence tests

minimize

Research suggests we engage mental images in out mind ___________ the way we engage or interact with physical objects

much like

________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate whereas ____________memory is about what people know and can report

nondeclarative, declarative

In hermann Ebbinghaus's classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen

one hour

which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously.

parallel distributed processing model

Rescorla found that the CS must ______________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

predict

Noland bought a fancy new smart phone. It was a different brand of phone than his old phone, so he spent quite a few frustrating hours learning to use the new one. The problem was that he kept trying to tap icons on the new phone in the places they had been on his old phone. Noland's problem was most likely due to:

proactive

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of

punishment by removal

The steps to memory can best be described as follows

putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out

Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realized that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of

retrieval

What type of amnesia do you have when you cannot remember things that happened before a traumatic accident?

retrograde amnesia

Charles Spearman defined intelligence as being comprised of both general intelligence and ____________ intelligence

specific

Dr. Davenport gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psych test regardless of whether the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique ensures test

standardization

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called

stimulus discrimination

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is afraid of not only the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of __________

stimulus generalization

In Ryan and Deci's self determination theory, what is the key to achieving one's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

support from others around you

you mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it is all about first impressions. in other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory

the primacy effect

According to Sternberg, intelligence is comprised of how many aspects?

three

Tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example of ___________________

token economy

In cultures where western lifestyles of eating and exercising have been adopted, obesity rates have ________ over the last 20 years.

tripled

Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition

true / false

Raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned?

within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class

Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?

A mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away

Which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis?

Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently.

Alicia leaves her office building only to find it is raining. She returns to her office, gets a trash bag, and cuts holes for her arms and head. Using the trash bag as a makeshift rain jacket, Alicia has overcome?

Functional Fixedness

Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking?

Go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity.

Which of the following would be an example of a stereotype threat?

Joaquim, who believes IQ tests are unfair to Hispanics, something that his IQ score seem to reflect

Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she knows his name. What should she do?

Mary should make it more meaningful

What is thinking?

Mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information.

Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was four but now find it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe tying his best characterized as blank memory

Non-declarative (implicit)

People in the United States often think of a sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. In this example, a sports car would be considered a?

Prototype

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus was _____________

The white rat

In terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer?

To create a test that is culturally fair.

________ believed that language helps to develop concepts, whereas ________ believed that concepts must be developed first if language is to follow.

Vygotsky ; Piaget

Rhonda has tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to

a conditioned taste aversion

research by Elizabeth lotus shows that eyewitnesses recognition is very prone to what psychologists call

a false positive

Which type of memory best explains the "what?" phenomenon

echoic sensory memory

Amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds yourself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada. This transferring of information from short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal

elaborative

the ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of

flashbulb memory

A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of

formal concept

In Edward Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the 10th day of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats ________________

had already learned the maze in the first 9 days

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of

learning

Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?

levels of processing model

Researchers have found that it takes __________ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more compact one

longer

Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a

mechanical solution

The semantic network model of memory suggests that the ___ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall the information

more

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of

negative reinforcement

Edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So Edgar decided to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 A.M., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Edgar will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of_____________

negative reinforcement

Little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on the top of the refrigerator. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use?

punishment by removal

Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from _____ to _____

seconds; our lifetime

For information to travel from sensory memory to short term memory, it must first be ___ and then encoded primarily into ___ form

selectively attended to; auditory

when creating a presentation, many public speaking instructions will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions

serial position phenomenon

Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately ___ bits of information

seven

Your english instructor has given you an assignment to write down your most favorite memory from when you were a year old. What might you tell him

students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age

"daddy go bye-bye" is an example of

telegraphic speech

At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash and put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

the sound of the leash

You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory

typically between 12-30 seconds

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the ________, which helps subjects determine what is controllable.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

John and Karen bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known as

working backward from the goal