Psychology chapter 6

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?

It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.

_________ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.​

Priming

__________is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.

Priming

__________is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.

Prospective-memory

_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.​

Retrieval

__________of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

Retrieval

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.​

Savings

What is sensory memory? Explain its functioning.

Sensory memory is the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus, sensory memory holds impressions briefly but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous. The purpose of sensory memory is to retain information long enough for it to be recognized.

If the___________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

Thalamus

Explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon in long-term memory.

The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved and is also known as the "feeling of knowing experience".

Describe the brain structures involved in memory.

The prefrontal cortex is the executive center in memory, it empowers people with consciousness or the ability to mentally represent and become aware of experiences that occur in the past, present, and future. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones, but is mostly in charge of regulating our emotions.

In long-term memory, we tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.

True

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.

When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n)__________.

context-dependent-memory

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.​

elaborative rehearsal

A(n)__________is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.

engram

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.​

implicit memory

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.​

implicit memory

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails, such as Aplysia, suggests that__________.

neural-events-may-be-involved-in-memory

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that__________makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.

priming

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of__________.

proactive-interference

In Freud's psychodynamic theory,__________is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

repression

Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of__________.

retroactive-interference

General knowledge is referred to as _________.​

semantic memory

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.​

serial-position effect

The__________is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

serial-position-effect

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.​

state-dependent memory

The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.​

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

In short-term memory an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.​

10 to 12 seconds

A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.​

Chunk

__________is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.

Eidetic-imagery

_________ is the first stage of information processing.​

Encoding

__________ is the first stage of information processing.

Encoding

_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.​

Infantile amnesia

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.​

thalamus

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.​

​implicit memory

_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.​

Prospective memory

In short-term memory an image tends to fade after__________if it is not repeated or rehearsed.

RESPONSE_10-to-12-seconds

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as__________.

infantile-amnesia

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called _____.​

long-term potentiation

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called__________.

long-term-potentiation

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.​

maintenance rehearsal

A(n)__________is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

memory-trace

__________is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative-amnesia

Prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned.

False

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.​

a visual code

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n)__________.

acoustic-code

When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.​

context-dependent memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.​

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to__________.

determine-whether-and-for-how-long-information-is-retained-in-memory

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.

episodic memories

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's__________made this possible.

implicit-memory

Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.​

infantile amnesia

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.​

priming

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.​

retrograde amnesia

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from__________.

retrograde-amnesia

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as__________.

savings

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series

serial-position effect

Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates__________.

the-serial-position-effect

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as__________.

eidetic-imagery

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.​

Chunking

The term__________in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.

Displace

Describe anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occurred after physical trauma due to the effects of the trauma. Retrograde amnesia is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of trauma.

_________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.​

Eidetic imagery

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.​

Displace

__________is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

Echoic-memory

A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.​

Icon

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.​

Paired associates

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to__________.

Priming

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.​

Priming

_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.​

Retrograde amnesia

__________is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

Retrograde-amnesia

_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.​

Sensory memory

Describe the different kinds of memory systems.

Short term memory is the type of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory. Long term memory is the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage. Sensory memory is the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous.

Explain the memory tasks used in measuring forgetting.

The three basic memory tasks used in forgetting are recognition or the failure to recognize something that we have forgotten, recall where they used paired associates or nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall, and relearning which is the third method of measuring retention.

The hippocampus does not become mature until we are about two years old.

True

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using__________.

a-visual-code

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.​

proactive interference

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.​

semantic memory