Psychology Chapter 6 Quiz
Dr. Wolfgang would like to conduct a study examining how children learn to use slang words based on listening to their peers. Dr. Wolfgang's research would benefit if he read the work of a psychologist who investigated observational learning: _______.
Alfred Bandura
Shanna wants to use an observational study to explore how classical conditioning works. Before beginning her own study, it would be most helpful for Shanna to read about the research of _______.
Ivan Pavlov
Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food. Professor McCready is using _______ to modify animal behavior.
a Skinner box
Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food. Professor McCready is using ________ to modify animal behavior.
a Skinner box
Dante was sitting on a rock to rest during a hike. Suddenly, he felt immense pain and looked down to see a snake had bitten him in the leg. Because of this, Dante has learned to fear snakes. If his fear is out of proportion with the danger posed by snakes, then Dante has developed _______.
a phobia
Tina believes in John Locke's idea of tabula rasa. When Tina's baby is born, she expects the child will most likely _______.
be ready to learn new information based on sensory experiences
Riley ate too much chocolate cake during his birthday party and was sick all night. If classical conditioning occurred and he associated the cake with being sick, then when Riley sees cake today, he will most likely _______.
be turned off by the smell and the memory of the taste of cake
Spencer is an inmate at a state prison and works in the prison library stocking books. For each cart of books that he reshelves, he receives a chip. He is allowed to collect chips and then trade them in for candy, extra recreation time, or visitation time. The prison uses a token economy, which is a method of _______.
behavior modification
At lunch one day, a spider walks onto your table. It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick. You immediately start to panic, which in this situation is most likely a(n)
conditioned response
You are having a great time at a work picnic. Then, a spider walks onto your picnic blanket. It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick. You immediately start to feel panic, which in this situation is most likely a(n)
conditioned response
Dr. Shaw has a patient who has a phobia of spiders and also loves doing puzzles. Dr. Shaw exposes the patient to spiders briefly while having the patient complete a fun puzzle. Dr. Shaw is using _______ to treat his patient's phobia.
counterconditioning
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called _______.
extinction
Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem even after sitting at his desk for an hour. He gets up and goes for a walk. Suddenly, even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while, the answer comes to him. Aldo has most likely solved the problem based on _______.
insight learning
You carpool with a friend to school every morning and he always drives. One day, your friend is sick and you have to drive yourself. Even though you have never actually driven to school, you know the exact route to take in order to get there from your house, which is most likely the result of _______.
latent learning
A month ago, Jenny was pulled over for speeding, and because it was her third ticket this year, her license was suspended. Jenny just received her license back and vows never to speed again. In this situation, having her license suspended has served as _______.
negative punishment
Your psychology instructor is preparing her lecture on learning and wants to include an analogy about memes. She starts by writing "Memes are to genes as . . ." but cannot figure out how to finish the sentence. Which of the following would best complete her thought?
nurture is to nature
Ian, who is 3 years old, was watching his father hammer a nail to join two pieces of wood together. If Ian learns how to hammer wood together after this experience, it is most likely the result of _______.
observational learning
Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on _______.
observational learning
Miranda is learning how to play tennis. She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot, but after a lesson with a professional instructor, Miranda changes her backhand technique because the technique she saw her instructor use is more efficient. Miranda has learned to improve her tennis due to
observational learning
Miranda is learning how to play tennis. She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot, but after a lesson with a professional instructor, Miranda changes her backhand technique because the technique she saw her instructor use is more efficient. Miranda has learned to improve her tennis due to _______.
observational learning
Shanna wants to use an observational study to explore how classical conditioning works. Before beginning her own study, it would be most helpful for Shanna to read about the research of
Ivan Pavlov
Positive punishment causes _______.
a decrease in behavior through the addition of a stimulus
When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both
add a stimulus
You learned about classical conditioning in your introductory psychology class and are explaining it to your roommate. You tell him that a main outcome of Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus _______.
after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response
Positive punishment causes a(n) ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus.
decrease; addition
Simone's desk at her new job is right next to an air conditioner. After a week of being chilly, she brings a sweater to work. Simone's change in behavior, which is based on her prior experience, is an example of _______.
learning
In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called _______.
negative reinforcement
Tripp is serving a 10-year prison sentence when he is informed by his parole board that he is getting out of jail early for good behavior. If the early release has the effect of increasing Tripp's good behavior in the future, then early release is an example of _______.
negative reinforcement
Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study. After a while, Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp. The lamp switch was a(n) ________ that elicited a(n) _______ after a period of time.
neutral stimulus; conditioned response
In the wild, when Arctic wolves hunt, their efforts are only sometimes reinforced because finding food is difficult. The fact that the wolves are only sometimes reinforced for hunting is an example of _______ reinforcement.
partial
If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder for the next test, then being given $1 is a form of _______.
positive reinforcement
Whenever baby Colin cries, his mother picks him up. This stops Colin from crying. In turn, this makes Colin's mother pick him up more often. In this example, his mother picking him up serves as a _______ reinforcer for Colin. Colin stopping crying is a _______ reinforcer for the mother.
positive; negative
Whenever baby Colin cries, his mother picks him up. This stops Colin from crying. In turn, this makes Colin's mother pick him up more often. In this example, his mother picking him up serves as a ________ reinforcer for Colin. Colin stopping crying is a ________ reinforcer for the mother.
positive; negative
Sophia's daughter Melanie is getting "D" grades in several of her classes. To get Melanie to study more, her parents should _______.
praise Melanie when she practices good study habits
Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by initiating sex as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment. Channing knows that sex is a _______ reinforcer that will likely _______ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future.
primary; increase
Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by initiating sex as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment. Channing knows that sex is a ________ reinforcer that will likely ________ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future.
primary; increase
Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor. If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior, she should _______ to reward them for doing a less valued activity.
promise them a more valued activity
If Sheila wants to decrease her dog barking at the cat next door, she should most likely use _______.
punishment
A father takes his young daughter to the park. The girl grabs a red flower and is stung by a bee. The next day, the girl's grandmother brings her a bouquet of red flowers. When the girl sees the flowers, she becomes afraid and runs away. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the _______.
red flowers
Vincent wants to use systematic desensitization to treat his patient's phobia of elevators. Vincent's first step in this process should be to _______.
show the patient a picture of an elevator until he can look at it and feel calm
A conditioned stimulus is _______.
something that causes a response after learning takes place
Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says, "Sit." But now, anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting. This is most likely the result of _______.
stimulus generalization
Timothy believes that his infant son Jamie was born as a blank slate, knowing nothing about the world. This information suggests that Timothy most likely believes in _______.
tabula rasa
Jean wants her daughter to eat her vegetables so she is healthy. Jean tells her daughter that after she eats her vegetables she can play outside, which is one of her daughter's favorite things to do. In this situation, Jean is using _______ to increase her daughter's eating of vegetables.
the Premack principle
Derek is conducting research with chimpanzees and realizes that when the chimps' behaviors lead to some sort of satisfaction, they repeat those behaviors. Derek's observations are most consistent with _______.
the law of effect
Derek is conducting research with chimpanzees and realizes that when the chimps' behaviors lead to some sort of satisfaction, they repeat those behaviors. Derek's observations are most consistent with
the law of effect.
In Pavlov's research, classical conditioning occurred when the dogs learned the metronome predicted the arrival of food because this process began with a(n) _______ stimulus.
unconditioned
At a football game, you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown. Because this is an unlearned response, in terms of classical conditioning, it would be called a(n) _______.
unconditioned response
Taylor's parents are very inconsistent with their child-rearing practices. Some days, Taylor can get away with climbing onto the back of the couch and jumping off, but other days she is punished. Taylor's parents are reinforcing her behavior on a _______ schedule.
variable interval
Professor Jackson wants his students to complete their reading assignments before he lectures on the material in class. He periodically gives them pop quizzes on the reading assignments. To encourage students to complete the reading assignments, the schedule of reinforcement he should use for the pop quizzes is a _______ schedule.
variable ratio
Braxton's friend Shayla is caught cheating on a test and receives an "F." Braxton learns the consequences of cheating by watching Shayla be punished for this action. Braxton has learned through _______.
vicarious conditioning
Rayvonte, a recent college graduate, is impressed when his cousin puts his résumé on their university's job board and then receives many job interviews. Rayvonte decides to post his résumé in hopes of finding his first professional job. He most likely posted his résumé on the job board as a result of _______.
vicarious conditioning
Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes. If Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise, causing her to blink when she sees the blue light, then this eye blink is a(n) _______.
conditioned response
Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face, her infant daughter Penelope tries to make the same silly face. As a psychologist who studies learning, Sasha knows that when Penelope observes Sasha's face, Penelope's _______ is (are) active.
mirror neurons
Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself. Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by _______.
modeling
Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby. The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back. The baby most likely learned to smile in this situation based on _______.
modeling
Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website. You use this example as a template when writing your own paper. You have used _______ to write a good research paper.
modeling
After repeated studying, Cressida is able to remember all of the state capitals. Now when she hears the word Michigan, she quickly thinks of the word Lansing. Cressida's learning is most likely due to long-term potentiation, which _______.
strengthens synaptic connections
Katie is afraid of clowns. She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns. After months of this exposure, she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown. Katie has been using _______ to overcome her fear.
systematic desensitization
Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning. Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use observational learning?
A rat learns to run through a maze quickly to get the food at the end of the maze.
Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media and his son's behavior?
Children who watch violence in video games tend to show more aggressive thoughts and actions.
Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat. A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is _______.
Edward Thorndike
Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of a behavior. Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist _______.
Edward Tolman
Michael has an introductory psychology assignment that requires him to observe and list any behaviors of the people in his dorm that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on Michael's list?
Greg, who often whines until someone goes to the dining hall with him
If Dr. Raybel wants to observe how people learn to play a new game, he may want to consult the founder of behaviorism, _______.
John Watson
Maggie's partner always feels hungry at 7:00 PM. Maggie decides to play a particular song for her partner at 7:00 PM for several nights in a row. One night, Maggie plays the song at 5:30 PM and her partner says, "Huh . . . I suddenly feel hungry." In this situation, classical conditioning occurred because _______.
Maggie paired a neutral stimulus, a song, with an unconditioned stimulus, a certain time of day when her partner always felt hungry
When Mitch watches his brother Jacob stand on tiptoes to open the cabinet door, which of the following is most likely happening in Mitch's brain?
Mitch's mirror neurons are being activated.
William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day. Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?
Mr. Schafer, the bus driver who is very talkative to the students he drives
George is traveling to visit his friend Ryan in a neighboring town but has to take a detour due to road construction. At first George feels lost, but then he notices a sign for Madison Street and immediately knows where he is and how to navigate to Ryan's house. In this situation, George has reached Ryan's by using _______.
a cognitive map
Kathy goes to a boarding school. When she is in the shower and someone flushes the toilet, the water turns hot and she gets burned. So, Kathy becomes classically conditioned to fear the toilet flushing when she is in the shower. Over the summer, Kathy returns home, and if someone flushes the toilet while she is in the shower, she does not get burned. But in August when she returns to school, she is once again in the shower and hears the toilet flush and immediately feels a surge of fear. This example best illustrates the fact that extinction is _______.
a form of learning that inhibits, not deletes, what is learned
Vaughn grew up the 1970s and always wears bell-bottom pants because he feels most comfortable in them. Vaughn works for a fashion magazine and constantly tries to influence his magazine's readers to bring bell-bottoms back into style. If successful, Vaughn will have influenced fashion by sharing knowledge about a culture, which is called _______.
a meme
A rehabilitation center reinforces patients' good behaviors with Monopoly money, which they can then trade in for food, movies, or other privileges. When they behave badly, however, the patients lose Monopoly money. To modify the patients' behavior, the center is using
a token economy
A rehabilitation center reinforces patients' good behaviors with Monopoly money, which they can then trade in for food, movies, or other privileges. When they behave badly, however, the patients lose Monopoly money. To modify the patients' behavior, the center is using _______.
a token economy
Twins Malcolm and Molly are learning to ride a bike. Molly watches Malcolm's attempts for several minutes and then tries to ride her own bike. During this process, Molly's mirror neurons are _______.
active when she watches Malcolm and when she rides her own bike
When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both _______.
add a stimulus
Ralph ate sushi for lunch, and an hour later he felt sick to his stomach. In this situation, classical conditioning might occur. In other words, Ralph might learn an association between sushi and feeling sick because the two events _______.
are paired closely in timing
Tammy is visiting the eye doctor. During her exam, a buzzer rings and a puff of air is blown into her eye, which makes her blink. This happens several times. Then Tammy blinks when she hears the buzzer because she expects that a puff of air will be blown into her eye. In this example, Tammy is showing _______ learning.
associative
If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs, he should _______.
blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog
If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs, he should
blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog.
Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. He associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, he braces himself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced learning by associating two stimuli, which is called _______.
classical conditioning
Professor Kraig is known for his difficult pop quizzes, which naturally make the students feel anxious. Immediately before he springs a quiz on his students and they start to feel anxious, he always shuts down his laptop to remove his lecture slides from the overhead screen. Students soon notice that they start to feel anxious when Professor Kraig reaches for his laptop and shuts it down. In terms of classical conditioning, Professor Kraig closing his laptop is a(n) _______.
conditioned stimulus
Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze. The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is _______ reinforcement.
continuous
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called
extinction
Albert has a beautiful garden in his backyard and notices that hummingbirds come to feed on the flowers at the same time each day in order to get the sweetest nectar. The hummingbirds are being rewarded for their feeding behavior on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
Reinforcement that comes after a predetermined amount of time is called _______.
fixed interval
The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make. The plant workers are paid on a _______ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a _______ schedule.
fixed interval; fixed ratio
Billy hates it when his upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower. He is typically abruptly awakened when the water starts, but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through _______.
habituation
Every day after class, Jerome smells delicious pizza from Steel's Pizza House on his walk home and his mouth starts to water. One day, Jerome is riding the bus home from class and sees the Steel's Pizza House sign, and even this makes his mouth start to water. Jerome has most likely experienced all of the following EXCEPT _______.
habituation
Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so he does not get sprayed again. This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog _______.
is biologically prepared to fear animals that might cause it harm
Genevieve wants her students to learn how to read their textbooks to answer questions about the material. She has her students do an ungraded in-class activity where they read sections of the book and answer questions about what they read on an activity sheet. A few weeks later, Genevieve assigns an activity sheet to go with her students' reading, but this time they receive a grade for finding the answers in the text. If the students do a good job and earn high grades on their answers, then their performance is most likely a result of _______.
latent learning
Mason can recite the first 100 digits of the number pi. He spent many hours studying to learn the exact order of the numbers, which has resulted in strengthened synaptic connections in his brain. Mason's ability to learn the numbers is most likely a result of _______.
long-term potentiation
Olivia takes a drug that is supposed to help her be able to memorize material for her class more easily. The drug works by increasing neural communication in the hippocampus, and when taken repeatedly, it may also support _______.
long-term potentiation
During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a _______.
loud sound as the unconditioned stimulus
Gavin is a 3-year-old who used to color on the walls with his crayons. Gavin's father told him, "We color on paper, not on walls," and gave him a time-out. Gavin does not color on the walls anymore, which is most likely a result of all of the following EXCEPT
non-associative learning
Gavin is a 3-year-old who used to color on the walls with his crayons. Gavin's father told him, "We color on paper, not on walls," and gave him a time-out. Gavin does not color on the walls anymore, which is most likely a result of all of the following EXCEPT _______.
non-associative learning
Yang watched her family pray before eating all of her life, so Yang has learned to pray before eating a meal. Yang's praying is most likely a result of _______.
observational learning
Dr. Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the effects it produces. Dr. Brimfield is most likely to use _______ to teach his daughter to play the violin.
operant conditioning
You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used _______ to train him.
operant conditioning
You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used ________ to train him.
operant conditioning
If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light, you will most likely be successful if you _______.
pair the light with an electric shock
Percy wants to teach his daughter good manners. To increase the likelihood of her saying "Excuse me" when bumping into someone in a store, he should use a stimulus called a(n) _______.
reinforcer
Samantha tells her roommate that negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar because they _______.
remove a stimulus
Sampson is a dolphin trainer who trains his dolphins to perform tasks by blowing a high-pitched whistle, the sound of which dolphins enjoy, immediately after the dolphins do the task. Sampson is using _______ reinforcers to train the dolphins.
secondary
You are driving to school when suddenly an ambulance rushes past you with its sirens blaring, so you quickly pull your car to the side of the road. A few minutes later, when you hear sirens in the distance, you get ready to quickly pull the car over again. You have learned to respond quickly to the sirens because of _______.
sensitization
Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone, so he starts to go inside any time he hears a sound like the teacher's whistle, such as the school bell ringing. Pederson's behavior is an example of _______.
stimulus generalization
Last year, Martina was in love with Robert, but they eventually broke up. Today in the mall, Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore. She is immediately filled with positive feelings, which is most likely due to _______.
spontaneous recovery
Last year, Martina was in love with Robert, but they eventually broke up. Today in the mall, Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore. She is immediately filled with positive feelings, which is most likely due to
spontaneous recovery.
A cat has been classically conditioned to purr when it hears the door open to the refrigerator where its food is kept. But the cat does not purr when it hears the sound of the pantry door opening, where none of its food is kept. The fact that the cat shows the conditioned response, purring, only for the sound associated with the conditioned stimulus is most likely a result of _______.
stimulus discrimination
Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it. Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat. Soon, the dog salivates to the picture of the circle. When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval without then showing him a piece of meat, the dog does not salivate, which is best explained by _______.
stimulus discrimination
Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone, so he starts to go inside any time he hears a sound like the teacher's whistle, such as the school bell ringing. Pederson's behavior is an example of
stimulus generalization
Sandra is toilet training her son and only rewards him some of the time when he uses the toilet. Sandra knows that using partial reinforcement creates behaviors that are more enduring than does continuous reinforcement, which is a result of _______.
the partial-reinforcement extinction effect
Advertisers use classical conditioning in their commercials by showing ads. For example, they pair something that reflexively elicits pleasant feelings, such as the face of the actor Brad Pitt, with a product, such as the perfume Chanel No 5. If Brad Pitt elicits a response from you that is innate and does not require any prior learning, he is being used as a(n) _______.
unconditioned stimulus
Eleanor wants to use classical conditioning to teach her students to run to the closet when the "intruder alert" sounds at their school. To be successful, Eleanor must begin the learning process with a(n) _______.
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the _______ elicited a(n)
unconditioned stimulus (food); innate, unconditioned response (salivation)
Joseph used classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels. If he is successful, the conditioned stimulus, the squirrel, must have been paired with a(n) _______, such as _______.
unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise
When you first bought your pet hamsters Fudge and Brownie, only Fudge would let you pet him. After a few weeks of Brownie watching you pet Fudge, Brownie started to let you pet her. In this case, Brownie's new behavior is most likely the result of learning by _______.
watching others
