Psychology Chapter 8, Psychology Chapter 9, Psychology Chapter 7, Chapter 6 Psychology, Psychology Chapter 10

​Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern,Joan's IQ is _____.

120

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?

A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior.

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?

Accommodation

__________are the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.

Activating-effects

__________enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests.

Analytical-intelligence

_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.​

Assimilation

Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?

Bulimia nervosa

​_________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

Displacement

__________is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.

Eidetic-imagery

Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.

False

Heuristic device, in psycholinguistic theory, is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.

False

Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.

False

The human ability to store information is limited.

False

_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.​

Intelligence

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

It states that humans are motivated by a desire for personal growth.

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

__________is the beginning of menstruation.

Menarche

_________is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.​

Motivation

__________is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.

Sensory-memory

_________ is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.​

Standardization

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included in esteem needs.

True

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely__________.

conscious--unconscious--and-preconscious

The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.​

displace

The placenta:

exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo.

The__________is a problem affecting female athletes involving low availability of energy and loss of bone density.

female-athlete-triad

Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.​

hierarchical

The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that:

hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior.

According to social-cognitive theorists, sexual orientation can be attributed to:

observational learning.

Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is _________.​

role diffusion

Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as__________.

self-actualization

According to Carl Rogers,__________refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.

self-ideals

​_________ is a state of deprivation.

​Need

​Christopher has good skills many areas of problem solving and reasoning ability. According to Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____.​

​general intelligence

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________.​

​postconventional level

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes up learning is called__________.

long-term-potentiation

The__________of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

nativist-theory

Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n) _________ of the mammal concept.​

negative instance

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

False

Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.

False

The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.

False

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is characterized by the repression of sexual impulses?

Latency stage

The__________is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.

plateau-phase

According to Freud, the id follows the__________.

pleasure-principle

_____ is the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.​

​Positive psychology

_________ is the memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.​

​Prospective memory

_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.​

​Self-efficacy expectations

​A(n) _________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

​analogy

Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, and does not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.​

​authoritarian

The _________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.​

​autonomic nervous system

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.

sympathetic-nervous-system

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

the ability to hypothesize.

The _________ is a problem affecting female athletes involving low availabilityof energy and loss of bone density.​

​female athlete triad

The _________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.​

​formal operational stage

The _________ of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.​

​nativist theory

​_________ are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.

Concepts

__________is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.

Displacement

What are heuristics? Provide an example.

Heuristics are rules of thumb that help us simply and solve problems. Representativeness heuristics is a decision making heuristics in which people make judgements about samples according to the populations they appear to represent. Availability Heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples. Anchoring and adjusting heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor; as we receive additional information we make adjustments but tend to remain in the proximity of the anchor. One type of heuristic device are means-end analysis in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal. An example of this is getting from point A to point B while traveling.

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

Discuss the differences between the learning-theory perspective and the humanistic-existential perspective of personality.

Humanistic-existential perspective focus on self-awareness. It argues that people are capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior.

__________is the directional effect of sex hormones.

Organizing-effect

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Explain serial-positioning effect in short-term memory.

Serial-positioning effect is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series. The items that are performed last or most recently are better remembered in short-term memory because they serve as the visual or auditory boundaries for the other information.

Summarize sexual orientation and its types.

Sexual orientation concerns the direction of one's romantic interest and erotic attractions toward members of one's own sex, the sex or both. People who are exclusively attracted to people of their own sex are labeled homosexual. People who are attached to people of the other sex are labeled heterosexual.

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?

She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

Describe the focus of the sociocultural perspective. Explain the characteristics of the individualists and the collectivists.

Sociocultural perspective is the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental process. The individualist is a person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to his or her own goals. A collectivist is a person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals.

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?

The fetal stage

Describe the five-factor model. What is its use?

The five-factor model uses five basic personality factors, not two. These include extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. It is used to describe certain personality structures.

It was assumed that women experience a sense of loss when their youngest child goes off to college, gets married, or moves out of the home. However, this was not supported by research. What has been found through research?

Through the research, it has been found that both parents can feel some sense of loss, but once their children become adults, most parents are content to launch their children to live on their own. Many mothers report increased marital satisfaction and personal changes once the children have left home, such as self-confidence and stability.

Explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon in long-term memory.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved. This is also called the feeling-of-knowing experience. You may not know the exact answer, but you may know something because the learning of the topic is incomplete.

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.

Outline the three phases of attachment as identified by Ainsworth.

Your Answer: 1. Secure attachment- mildly protest mother's departure, seek interaction upon reunion, and comforted by her 2. Avoidant attachment- less distressed by their mother-s departure, play by themselves, and ignore their mother's return 3. Ambivalent/resistant attachment- most emotional, severe signs of distress among mother's departure, and show mixed feelings upon her return

In the context of the perceptual development of infants,__________is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.

fixation-time

Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.​

generativity

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.​

priming

Explain language acquisition device and the psycholinguistic theory.

Language acquisition device in the psycholinguistic theory is neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar. The psycholinguistic theory is the view that language learning involves and interaction between environmental factors and an inborn tendency to acquire language.

Discuss the role of observational learning in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Observational learning is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory. It refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others. For operant conditioning to occur, and organism must first engage in a response, and that response must be reinforced.

_____ is an example of a psychological need.​

Power

_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.

Retrograde amnesia

_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.​

Rooting

__________is the state of being satisfied.

Satiety

__________is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.

Semanticity

Which of the following statements is true about thinking?

Thinking means paying attention to information.

Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development.

True

Method of savings is a measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to re-learn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated.

True

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using__________.

a-visual-code

The__________is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.

amygdala

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the__________.

anal-stage

A(n) _________ rat is characterized by under eating.​

aphagic

When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely:

become aphagic.

A(n)__________is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

chunk

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called__________.

chunking

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:

collectivists.

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.​

conscientiousness

In__________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent-thinking

A(n)__________is a condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need.

drive

At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as__________.

eidetic-imagery

A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.​

emotion

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:

feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

The__________is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.

germinal-stage

Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich which satisfies her hunger. The return to the normal bodily function without the hunger pangs is called__________.

homeostasis

A(n)__________is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

icon

In psycholinguistic theory,__________is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar.

language-acquisition-device

According to the study by Masters and Johnson,__________.

men-and-women-have-similar-biological-responses-to-sexual-stimulation

Daniel is an eight-year-old boy. After taking a test, the Binet-Simon scale showed that he is functioning intellectually like an eight year old. Therefore, Daniel has a(n)__________of eight.

mental-age

Anna points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The child then points and repeats the label. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n)__________for her child to acquire language skills.

model

In the context of the sexual response cycle,__________is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.

myotonia

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.

parasympathetic-nervous-system

To teach his child the prototype for cats, Nathan points to many examples in books, at home, on TV, and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are__________of the cat concept.

positive-instances

Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.​

priming

​Children's _________ become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.

prototypes

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the__________.

reality-principle

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.​

repression

13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes,helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.​

scaffolding

A(n)__________is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

schema

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the:

sex organs start to differentiate.

The _________ functions according to the moral principle.​

superego

The__________mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

unconscious

_________ is the first stage of information processing.​

​Encoding

According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.​

​avoidant attachment

​A(n) _________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings.

​holophrase

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.​

​psychodynamic theories

Rat A has its ventromedial nucleus destroyed, while rat B has its lateral hypothalamus destroyed. Discuss the effects these two experiments have on the eating habits of the rats.

If you destroy the ventromedial nucleus, the rat will gravitate towards food and becomes hyperphagic. That is it continues to eat until it has about doubled it normal weight and then maintains that higher weight. If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus, the rat will possibly stop eating and becomes aphagic. So they have opposite effects on eating habits.

_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.​

​Uninvolved parents

In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the _____.​

​psychosocial development theory

The _________ is the final phase of the sexual response cycle.​

​resolution phase

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.​

​self-actualization

When is the id first present in the mind?

At birth

Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?

Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic.

Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of__________.

Carl-Rogers

Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.

False

Jamie is known to be "street smart." He gets by very well in the real world as he is very practical and handles difficult situations well. Jamie has naturalist intelligence.

False

Which of the following is the final stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

Genital stage

_________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.​

Heritability

_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.​

Individualists

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?

It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

Which of the following statements is true about a schema?

It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions.

The__________is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.​

validity

_________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.​

​Creativity

_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.​

​Echoic memory

_____ are meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory.​

​Nonsense syllables

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.​

​Paired associates

_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.​

​Personality

Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _____.​

​Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

_________ enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.​

​Practical intelligence

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.​

​Western cultural prejudice

A(n) _________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.​

​amniotic sac

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety.Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.​

​climacteric

According to _____, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior. ​

​cognitive-dissonance theory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.​

​determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.​

​ego identity

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.​

​elaborative rehearsal

A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. The _____ of prenatal development is depicted in this scenario.​

​embryonic stage

​Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.

​empty-nest syndrome

Eli is a student in school. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to get into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____.​

​extrinsic rewards

Kathren repeatedly watches the recorded episodes of a TV show. She generally doesn't smile or show any expression while watching these. Once, while watching an episode, Kathren was asked to smile by her mom. When she watched the episode smiling throughout, she reported finding the episode more humorous, even though she had seen it several times earlier. This scenario supports the _____.​

​facial-feedback hypothesis

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.​

​implicit memory

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.​

​introversion-extraversion

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.​

​it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

According to psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is called a _____.​

​language acquisition device

The _________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.​

​lateral hypothalamus

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _____. ​

​learning goal

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.​

​maintenance rehearsal

After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____.​

​means-end analysis

A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.​

​memory trace

​The _________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

​mental age

A(n)_________ is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.​

​mental set

According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard, _____.​

​more than two out of three adult Americans are overweight

Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____.​

​naturalist intelligence

In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are _____ of the mammal concept.​

​negative instances

​Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.

​oral stage

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.​

​phallic stage

Sarah remembers that she has to pack her suitcase and has to lock all the windows and doors before she leaves for her vacation the next day. Her memory about activities that need to be performed in the future would be known as _____.​

​prospective memory

According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.​

​psycholinguistic theory

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs.​

​safety

Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____.​

​sandwich generation

Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more things. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his _____.​

​self-actualization needs

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.​

​self-awareness

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.​

​self-efficacy expectations

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.​

​semantic memory

General knowledge is referred to as _________.​

​semantic memory

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____.​

​sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.​

​serial-position effect

While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.​

​state-dependent memory

The _________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.​

​sympathetic nervous system

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.​

​the consequences of behavior

The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to _____.​

​the linguistic-relativity hypothesis

​The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to _____.

​the populations of events that they appear to represent

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.​

​unconditional positive

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.​

​unconditional positive regard

The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by _____.​

​vaginal lubrication

​The _________ is a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center.

​ventromedial nucleus

Explain how education can influence intelligence with evidence.

Education can influence intelligence with evidence by providing preschoolers with enriched early environments that lead to intellectual gains. Head Start programs enhance the IQ scores, achievement test scores and academic skills of disadvantage children by exposing them to materials and activities that middle class children take for granted.

__________is process of propelling semen from the penis.

Ejaculation

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

Establishment of close relationships

A child points to a cat and says, "Cat." He then points to a dog and then a rabbit and calls them cats as well. In this context, the child is overregulating.

False

Describe the structure of personality as proposed by Freud.

Freud believed that there are three psychic structures: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is present at birth and represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious. The ego is the second structure characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification. Superego functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about the influence of genetic factors and environmental factors on intelligence?

Genetic factors account for about half of the variations in intelligence test scores among individuals.

__________are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.

Heuristics

__________is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.

Infantile-amnesia

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?

It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?

It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

Summarize Kohlberg's research on the postconventional level of moral reasoning.

Kohlberg's research on the post conventional level of moral reasoning states that post conventional thoughts, if found at all, first occur in adolescence. Formal operational thinking is a prerequisite and education is likely to play a role. Post conventional reasoning involves understanding of abstract moral principles and empathy with the feelings of others.

Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television, the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the__________.

Moro-reflex

List three of the psychosexual stages of Freud's stages and explain these three stages and give examples.

Oral Stage is during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activities. An example is biting. The anal stage is when gratification is attained through anal activities. An example is the cleanliness of a room. The phallic stage is characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region. An example is when a child develops strong sexual attachments to the parent of the other gender.

_________ is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.​

Priming

__________is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.

Puberty

Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern, Joan's IQ is__________.

RESPONSE_120

_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.​

Reflexes

_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.​

Retrieval

Explain social cognitive theory.

Social cognitive theory is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables, such as values and expectances, play major roles in individuals differences. It focuses on learning by observations and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences.

Which of the following was the result of a study done with 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Kentucky, in terms of intelligence?

The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings.

Explain organization of information in long-term memory with examples.

The information in long-term memory is well organized since we categorize them into hierarchy structure. We are more likely to recall the correct information. Our memory is organized to a remarkably complex filing system that has a certain internal logic. Some examples include rats and cats being placed in an animal section, and oaks and maples being placed into a tree section.

Explain the learning theory of language development.

The learning theory of language development cannot account for the unchanging sequence of language development and the spurts in children's language acquisition. Children initially repeat what they have heard accurately, apparently as a result of modeling. They usually refer to the concepts of imitation and reinforcement.

Priscilla is a psychologist. She is studying a group of people for their behaviors that make them unique. What will be the definition of the term "personality" on her paper on the study?

The person's reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and demeanor

Which of the following statements is true about concepts?

They can represent visions of things that can never be measured.

Selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment.

True

The intelligence quotient reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual or chronological age.

True

The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.

True

The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another.

True

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

True

Women produce androgens ("male" sex hormones) in the adrenal glands and the ovaries.

True

Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory?

Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.

Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?

We work to bring about the events we believe in.

In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____.

cognitive appraisal theory

Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces. According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of__________.

creative-intelligence

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n)__________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

critical-period

A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's__________.

fixation-time

In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.​

insight

A(n)__________involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals.

instinct

Dr. Gerrard, an experienced pediatrician, was examining a baby. He checked the baby's temperature and listened to the baby's breathing through the stethoscope while considering the symptoms described by the baby's parents. He quickly identified that the baby has a mild flu. Dr. Gerrard used__________to make this diagnosis.

parallel-processing

Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.​

proactive interference

A sofa, bed, and table are__________of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not.

prototypes

A__________is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.

schema

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.​

thalamus

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

Anorexia nervosa

Discuss any two emotions and the parts of the nervous system that they arouse.

Fear, which usually occurs in response to a threat, involves cognitions that one is in danger as well as arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Anger involves the cognition that the person should be paid back, and arousal of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, Richard has started going under depression. He feels helpless and hopeless about his situation and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?

Parasympathetic arousal

On the basis of achievement motivation, differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards.

Performance goals are usually met through extrinsic rewards such as praise and income. Parents may reward good grades with toys and bad grades with removal of privileges. Learning goals usually lead to intrinsic rewards such as self satisfaction. Parents encourage their children to think and act independently.

Outline the Cannon-Bard theory and its criticism.

The Cannon-Bard theory suggested that an event might simultaneously trigger bodily responses and the experience of an emotion. The central criticism of the Cannon-Bard theory focuses on whether bodily responses and emotions are in fact stimulated simultaneously.

Emmett is 21 years old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

The age of instability

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

The age of possibilities

Explain the features that are required to understand a problem with examples.

The features that are required to understand a problem are: 1) The parts our mental representation of the problem relate to one another in a meaningful way. An example is trying to solve a problem in Geometry, our mental triangles should be like actual triangles and have angles that total 180 degrees. 2) The elements of our mental representation of the problem correspond to the elements of the problem in the outer world. An example is completing all the tasks with a patient in the hospital so we know for sure what is going on before making a diagnosis. 3) We have a storehouse of background knowledge that we can apply to the problem. An example is having the necessary experience or course work to solve the problem.

Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.

Albert lost the keys to his car sometime between the time he locked it and his return to the car about three hours later. Albert came up with a formula to find the keys;he retraced his steps, going to all of the places he visited after he initially locked the car. Albert eventually found the keys on his office desk. Albert used a(n) _____ to find his keys.​

algorithm

To test the problem-solving skills of her son, Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of scrambled words such as, "skosc,""odg," "imal," and "orod." Tiffany is using__________of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door.

anagrams

When a child utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "Where is my bottle?" or "that's my bottle." These single words used by children to express many things are known as__________.

holophrases

The_____ is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.​

placenta

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.​

​personal fable

The _____ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.​

​plateau phase