Psychology Chapter 8 Questions

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties?

Jane, who studies Spanish and French back to back.

When questioning children about past events, it is important to use _____words.

Neutral.

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her _____because of the emotional nature of the event.

Amygdala.

Some memories of an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

Flashbulb memories.

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____memory.

Flashbulb.

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:

Left hippocampus.

Which factor is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Long-term potentiation.

Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:

Mood-congruent memory.

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

The misinformation effect.

If Lola begins to list all the classes she's ever taken in college, she will MOST likely recall her last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?

The recency effect.

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do at this point is:

Go to sleep soon.

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n):

Gradual fading of the physical memory trace.

_____is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information.

Massed practice.

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates:

Motivated forgetting.

Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____effect.

Primacy.

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?

Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues.

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron forms vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron is engaged in the process of:

Priming.

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as:

Priming.

If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?

Recognition.

Massed practice refers to:

Studying for long periods without breaks.

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:

The misinformation effect.

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:

The misinformation effect.

In one study by Ceci and others, nearly _____percent of preschoolers produced false memories of events that never happened.

60.

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____memory.

Short-term.

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which will affect his _____memory.

Short-term.

_____memory holds a few items, such as a phone number, briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

Short-term.

Which list contains items that all belong together?

Skills, implicit memory, cerebellum, basal ganglia.

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:

Source amnesia.

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates:

Source amnesia.

Ralph came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. Luckily, he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of:

State-dependent memory.

Short-term memories have a limited life without:

Active processing.

Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____memory.

Echoic.

Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:

Encoding failure.

Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hairstyle. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make a comment about her new hairstyle until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim may NOT have noticed the difference because of a(n):

Encoding failure.

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

Encoding.

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of:

Encoding.

Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She does not remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she was not paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____failure.

Encoding.

Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.

Encoding; retrieval.

Given the research on _____, it is likely that many mammalian species can differentiate animals by their facial characteristics.

Facial recognition.

The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as _____memory.

Implicit.

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

Infantile amnesia.

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____amnesia.

Infantile.

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

Mood-congruent memory.

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting:

Motivated forgetting.

Procedural memory involves:

Motor movement.

Cori studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French and Cori cannot understand a word. A week later after studying, she understands and can respond correctly. Cori was able to improve so rapidly due to:

Relearning.

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _____.

Repression.

An oldie playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a:

Retrieval cue.

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test; however, as he rereads the response options he remembers the correct answer. Chad has made use of a:

Retrieval cue.

Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using _____cues to remember the woman's name.

Retrieval.

Dana is suffering from _____when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

Retrograde amnesia.

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet supplies display in a Boise, Idaho, discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is BEST described as:

Retrograde.

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:

Right hippocampus.

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

Semantic encoding.

Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. This inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is called _____.

Infantile amnesia.

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

It is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This BEST illustrates _____memory.

Flashbulb.

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

He has a flashbulb memory for this event.

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is MOST likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was NOT fully developed at that age.

Hippocampus.

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates:

Mood-congruent memory.

Whenever Rachel gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experience BEST illustrates _____memory.

Mood-congruent.

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by:

Proactive interference.

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates _____interference.

Proactive.

Professor Yu has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates _____interference.

Proactive.

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by _____interference.

Proactive.

Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____memory for this event.

Flashbulb.

Which list contains an item that does NOT belong?

Frontal lobes, basal ganglia, explicit memory, semantic memory.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

Glutamate.

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as _____is to _____.

Recall; recognition.

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with:

Retrieval.

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____memory.

Short-term.

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up, as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:

Source amnesia.

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Daniel began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates _____amnesia.

Source.

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is taking advantage of the _____effect.

Spacing.

"I know it! It's um . . . um. . . . It starts with G," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____phenomenon.

Tip-of-the-tongue.

Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's case BEST demonstrates:

Anterograde amnesia.

Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____amnesia.

Anterograde.

With respect to amnesia, antero- is to retro- as _____is to ______.

After; before.

Damage to the _____would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

Hippocampus.

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.

Hippocampus.

Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____memory may be impaired.

Implicit.

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo?series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____memories.

Implicit.

Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in his face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____memory.

Implicit.

Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.

Interference.

A one-hit-wonder song popular 5 years ago comes on the radio. "I used to love this song!" Clyde exclaims. "Who sang it?" "Oh! I know! It's . . . it's. . . . Darn! It's on the tip of my tongue!" Ralph responds. Ralph is experiencing a failure of the memory process called:

Retrieval.

Jake is describing a chance encounter with an acquaintance. "I couldn't remember her name, yet it was on the tip of my tongue!" he exclaims. Jake is experiencing a failure of a memory process called:

Retrieval.

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the first program; he finds that details about the second program keep intruding. What has probably occurred?

Retroactive interference.

With respect to interference, forgetting old information is to forgetting new information as _____is to _____.

Retroactive; proactive.

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____memory.

Sensory.

The general tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the _____effect.

Serial position.

After having an argument with one's significant other, one is likely to view him or her very negatively as a person. This is BEST seen as reflecting:

State-dependent memory.

If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same kind of mood when one takes the exam. This is known as:

State-dependent memory.

Clarice presses the Ctrl and S keys on her keyboard to save a document. A file is then created on her computer's hard drive. Clarice's action is MOST analogous to the memory process of:

Storage.

Luca has been studying all week for his final exam in biology. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____before sleep will be remembered well.

1 hour.

Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____rather than the _____.

Cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus.

Damage to a brain area called the _____would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.

Cerebellum.

Damage to the _____would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.

Cerebellum.

Which choice does NOT pair a brain structure or region with the correct memory system?

Cerebellum—explicit memory.

A police officer stops people to ask them about an automobile accident they may have witnessed the previous day. Since they were in the area at the time of the accident, the police officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the police officer's wording affect one's recollection of the incident?

People would be more likely to remember a more serious accident than if the police officer had used other wording (for example, "hit" each other).

"Cat food, cola, toothpaste . . ." Ned's roommate recites items over the phone as he throws his books in the back seat and gets into his car. Ned is supposed to stop at the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Ned forgets a couple of things, but he does get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. His memory for these items reflects the _____effect.

Primacy.

At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. The fact that Cyndi can remember the first few people she met BEST reflects the _____effect.

Primacy.

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why?

Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

Xui is studying for her chemistry exam. After reviewing the information she learns in lecture and from the textbook, she takes practice tests to test her understanding and memory of what she has learned. Xui is using the distributed practice technique often called the:

Testing effect.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which scenario is MOST similar to encoding failure?

The book was never purchased.

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:

The context in which learning occurred.

When one goes for a job interview and is introduced to many people, whose name is one MOST likely to remember?

The first person one meets.

Tanner's study partner asks him, "Which German physiologist is associated with the trichromatic theory of color vision?" "Um . . . von . . . von. . . . I know it! Hsomething . . . ," Tanner manages. Tanner is experiencing:

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?

Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.

If the functioning of one's cerebellum is impaired, one would have trouble:

Tying a knot.

How might one describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item's recall to the item's position on a list?

U shaped.

The BEST way to master material for a given test is to:

Use distributed practice.

New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them.

Weak; exercised.

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____memory is MOST important.

Working.

_____memory is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working.

Which technique is NOT a way to improve memory?

Minimizing retrieval cues.

Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory?

One remembers exactly what one was doing when one heard about the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012.

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

One's first kiss.

Professional psychologists who specialize in interviewing children read detailed fictitious stories about children's experiences. Interestingly, they:

Could not tell the real memories from the fake ones, nor could the children.

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____to encode information for storage.

Distributed practice.

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No," and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

Déjà vu.

If students study for a test by reviewing multiple-choice items, but the test is given in an essay format, they are not likely to do as well as they might have if the test were also multiple choice. This is explained by the:

Encoding specificity principle.

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words.

Explicit; implicit.

According to the textbook, which student is MOST likely to remember more newly learned information for an exam in the morning?

Jamie, who studied for her psychology exam and then went directly to bed and slept for 7 hours.

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

Memory.

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates the _____effect.

Misinformation.

Employing the single word HOMESto remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of a(n) _____aid or device.

Mnemonic.

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

Recognition.

It's evening and Benson is mentally replaying the day's events. He pictures his facial expression as he listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because he was unable to see his expression at the time, his recall necessarily illustrates:

Reconsolidation.

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called _____.

Rehearsal.

Rory agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So, Rory repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Rory used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called:

Rehearsal.

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

Rehearsal.

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of:

Repression.

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

Repression.

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates:

Repression.