(Psychology) Chapters 1, 2, 3 ONLINE FOUND

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. a. experiment b. survey c. detailed literature search d. study Feedback Good work

a. experiment

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs. a. sampling bias b. confirmation bias c. experimenter bias d. illusory correlation

b. confirmation bias

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. a. GABA b. emotional c. neurotransmitter d. serotonin

c. neurotransmitter

What is a PsyD? a. Doctor of Psychology b. Doctor of Psychoanalysis c. Doctor of Psychiatry d. Doctor of Philosophy

a. Doctor of Psychology

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? a. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene. b. It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. c. The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way. d. The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors.

a. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. a. another person's consciousness b. her own subconscious experience c. the social construction of consciousness d. her own conscious experience

a. another person's consciousness

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. a. dopamine b. glutamate c. serotonin d. acetylcholine

a. dopamine

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. a. high; low b. low; high c. high; high d. low; low

a. high; low

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. a. longitudinal b. survey c. experimental d. cross sectional

a. longitudinal

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior. a. operant conditioning b. humanism c. classical conditioning d. functionalism

a. operant conditioning

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? a. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior b. dream analysis c. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior d. classical conditioning

a. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. a. replication b. inter-rater reliability c. reliability d. validity

a. replication

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. a. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes b. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior c. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious d. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests

a. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Which of the following defines hypothesis? a. tentative explanation b. way of looking at the world c. means of explaining social phenomena d. idea that proves a theory

a. tentative explanation

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. a. thinking critically b. hypothesizing c. acting unconsciously d. theorizing

a. thinking critically

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. a. undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration b. be twice as strong c. last twice as long d. travel twice as fast down the axon

a. undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. a. validity b. operational definition c. generalizability d. reliability

a. validity

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? a. Everyday behavior can be explained by instincts developed in our ancestral population. b. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure. c. What we sense and what we perceive vary according to culture, race, and gender. d. Our mothers have an enormous impact on our personality.

b. Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate? a. The research sample is invalid because men and women are not equally represented. b. There is a relationship between gender and intended major. c. Despite advances in feminism, there are still gender inequalities in post-secondary studies. d. More women than men attend college.

b. There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why? a. Women are not as superficial as men. b. Youthful looks provide fertility clues. c. Men are more sexually responsive with younger women. d. Men need to display their mates as a trophy.

b. Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. a. pay participants; deception b. debrief participants; deception c. pay participants; use of personal photos d. debrief participants; ageist attitudes

b. debrief participants; deception

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? a. observation b. hypothesis c. experiment d. data collection

b. hypothesis

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. a. social b. industrial-organizational c. Gestalt d. biological

b. industrial-organizational

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify? a. developmental theory b. object permanence c. perpetuation d. article blindness

b. object permanence

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. a. experimental and provable b. perceivable and measurable c. hypothesized and theoretical d. conscious and unconscious

b. perceivable and measurable

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. a. experimental b. quasi-experimental c. case d. correlational

b. quasi-experimental

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. a. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind b. the use of reinforcement and punishment c. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue d. dream analysis

b. the use of reinforcement and punishment

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. a. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior b. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions c. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior d. sensation and the effect of culture on perception

b. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction? a. -0.2 b. +0.7 c. -0.5 d. +0.4

c. -0.5

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? a. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. b. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. c. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. d. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late.

c. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement? a. They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. b. They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support. c. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported. d. They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support.

c. They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. a. sexual identity b. a person's consciousness c. a person's unconscious d. fetal development

c. a person's unconscious

Critical thinking is ________. a. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic b. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it c. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information d. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena

c. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. a. comfort objects b. higher-level needs c. basic survival needs d. wants

c. basic survival needs

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. a. between 0 and +1 b. between -1 and 0 c. between -1 and +1 d. between 0 and +100

c. between -1 and +1

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. a. developmental psychologist b. humanist c. biopsychologist d. social psychologist

c. biopsychologist

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________. a. operational definition b. significant variable c. dependent variable d. independent variable

c. dependent variable

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression? a. serotonin; glutamate b. dopamine; acetylcholine c. dopamine; norepinephrine d. serotonin; GABA

c. dopamine; norepinephrine

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. a. control b. single-blind c. double-blind d. double-control

c. double-blind

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? a. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant b. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life c. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors d. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

c. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. a. participant bias b. experimenter bias c. placebo effect d. observer bias

c. placebo effect

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? a. -ology b. pseudoscience c. scientific theory d. hypothesis

c. scientific theory

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. autonomic

c. somatic

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. a. there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer b. smoking causes lung cancer c. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer d. smoking contributes to lung cancer

c. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. a. food choice; no play b. active play; passive play c. type of play; no play d. no play; type of play

c. type of play; no play

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. a. humanism b. structuralism c. psychoanalytic theory d. Gestalt psychology

d. Gestalt psychology

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. John Watson

d. John Watson

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? Select one: a. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner. b. People in developed nations revere the elderly. c. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. d. Populations of developed nations are living longer.

d. Populations of developed nations are living longer.

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. a. millions b. thousands c. tens of thousands d. billions

d. billions

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? a. social psychology b. cognitive psychology c. organizational psychology d. clinical psychology

d. clinical psychology

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. a. schizophrenia b. Parkinson's disease c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. depression

d. depression

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. a. designing and reviewing b. reviewing and publishing c. conducting and reviewing d. designing, conducting, and reviewing

d. designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ________. Select one: a. quick data collection b. large sample size c. generalizability d. detailed information

d. detailed information

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? a. postdoctoral b. PhD c. PsyD d. dissertation

d. dissertation

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? a. cognitive b. legal c. counseling d. forensic

d. forensic

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. a. neurotransmitters b. proteins c. factors d. hormones

d. hormones

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. gestalt d. humanism

d. humanism

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. a. Gestalt psychology b. personality c. psychoanalysis d. social psychology

d. social psychology

The space between two neurons is called the ________. a. vesicle b. terminal button c. soma d. synapse

d. synapse

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________. a. only the mind b. only behavior c. the soul, the mind, and behavior d. the mind and behavior

d. the mind and behavior