Psychology Chp 7
A fleck of dust or dirt in your eye automatically causes the eye to produce tears to wash out the dirt. If this were part of a classical conditioning experiment, the fleck of dust or dirt would be labeled as the A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.
A
A sudden cognitive change that allows a problem to be solved is A. insight. B. disinhibition. C. recognition. D. superstition.
A
An animal emits a response in the presence of a certain tone. If a slightly higher pitched tone elicits the same response, then stimulus _______ has taken place. A. generalization B. chaining C. discrimination D. disinhibition
A
An example of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is the case of the A. student who is greeted every fifth time she arrives in class. B. instructor who is paid every two weeks during the year. C. dean who visits the instructor's class when the mood strikes. D. dog who retrieves the paper every day but gets rewarded infrequently.
A
An experimental group of rats was not reinforced for solving a maze problem for a few days. Several days later, they were reinforced and subsequently showed similar scores in the maze as rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. Tolman referred to this phenomenon as _______ learning. A. latent B. place C. insight D. modeled
A
An interval schedule in operant conditioning, whether fixed or variable, is based on A. the passage of time. B. the number of responses. C. the intensity of the response. D. continuous reinforcement.
A
Edward Tolman developed some ingenious experiments that involved timing how fast rats could run through mazes to reach a reward. The experiments tended to support A. the cognitive view of learning. B. classical conditioning. C. the connectionist view of learning. D. vicarious reinforcement.
A
Food, water, warmth, novel stimulation, physical activity, and sexual gratification are all examples of A. primary reinforcers. B. secondary reinforcers. C. tertiary reinforcers. D. latent learning.
A
Frequency and timing of the association of two neutral stimuli are important to the formation of what? A. classical conditioning B. unconditioned stimulus C. shaped behavior D. Thorndikian learning
A
How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves an association between A. two stimuli. B. two reinforcers. C. a response and a stimulus. D. a behavior and a CR.
A
How does extinction occur in classical conditioning? A. The CS is presented without the UCS. B. The CR is presented without the UCR C. The emitted response is negatively reinforced. D. The emitted response is punished.
A
If an association is made independent of behavior, what type of learning occurs? A. Classical conditioning B. Insight learning C. Operant conditioning D. Observational learning
A
If classical conditioning has been successfully accomplished, what type of response follows the presentation of a conditioned stimulus? A. Conditioned response B. Neutral response C. Conditioned stimulus D. Neutral stimulus
A
It is easier to classically condition a fear of ______ compared to a fear of _____. A. snakes; lunch boxes B. electrical outlets; blood C. candy; heights D. skate keys; alligators
A
Joe has been afraid of cats since childhood when he was attacked and scratched by a neighborhood stray. A fear such as Joe's may best be explained by A. classical conditioning. B. observational learning. C. operant conditioning. D. insight learning.
A
John loves to receive mail. Over the years, he has learned to tell the difference between the sound of the mail truck and the other cars and trucks that pass his house. What process is at work here? A. Stimulus discrimination B. Stimulus generalization C. Response generalization D. Vicarious reinforcement
A
Learned taste aversions are an example of the role of _______ factors in learning. A. biological B. cognitive C. experiential D. maturational
A
Maria, who is fearful of mice, took a job as a lab assistant and found she was required to handle mice. Gradually, Maria's fear of mice diminished as she continued to handle mice. Now Maria is interested in having mice as pets. How was Maria's fear removed? A. Extinction B. Discrimination C. Generalization D. Spontaneous recovery
A
Research on operant conditioning suggests that the longer a reward for a good deed is delayed, the A. less of an impact the reward has. B. more tantalizing the reward becomes. C. more strength gained by the conditioned stimulus. D. less necessary is the unconditioned response.
A
Slot machines are set to pay off on the average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio C. variable-interval D. fixed-interval
A
Sometimes your old car's starter will start the car on the first turn of the key, while other times the starter won't work until you turn the key numerous times. Your car starter has created a _______ schedule of reinforcement for your behavior. A. variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio C. variable-internal D. fixed-interval
A
The idea of delay of reinforcement suggests that the ______ delay of reinforcement, the ______ the learning. A. greater; slower B. less; slower C. greater; more accurate D. less; less accurate
A
What explanation did Harlow use to explain why problem-solving ability improved over trials in his study in which apes had to locate food under objects? A. The apes acquired a learning set. B. The apes developed a cognitive map. C. The apes emitted conditioned responses. D. The apes were vicariously reinforced.
A
When the original source of learning is removed and a particular response diminishes, ______ has occurred. A. extinction B. habituation C. disinhibition D. excitation
A
Which of the following statements would be a cognitive explanation for learning? A. A rat turns right in a maze because it knows where the food has been left. B. A rat presses a bar because a connection was made between brain regions. C. A person flinches because neural connections to the muscles cause it. D. A person stops at a red traffic light because of the connection made in the brain.
A
A strategy of reinforcing successive approximations to a complex behavior is known as A. modeling. B. shaping. C. interval training. D. aversive conditioning.
B
According to research studies, what should happen if Scott observes Allison being rewarded for picking up toys? A. Picking up toys will become a discriminate stimulus for Scott. B. Scott's toy picking up behavior will increase. C. Scott's toy picking up behavior will be extinguished. D. Scott will associate Allison with secondary reinforcers.
B
According to the _____, responses that have been continuously reinforced are extinguished more quickly than responses that were reinforced on variable interval or variable ratio schedules. A. stimulus generalization theory B. partial reinforcement effect C. spontaneous recovery phenomenon D. law of effect
B
Assume that your class is going to have an oral quiz on the material in this chapter. For every two questions in a row that a student gets correct, the professor will add one point to the classroom participation grade. This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval
B
Bandura's term for learning by watching others is A. dissociation. B. modeling. C. inhibition. D. disinhibition.
B
Classically conditioned behaviors are associated with the ______ nervous system, and operantly conditioned behaviors are associated with the ______ nervous system. A. somatic; autonomic B. autonomic; somatic C. sympathetic; parasympathetic D. parasympathetic; sympathetic
B
If a parent threatens a punishment and then backs down when the child begs for mercy, what will the parent accomplish? A. The threatening behavior will be extinguished. B. The begging behavior will be negatively reinforced. C. The parent will adhere to the guidelines for punishment. D. The child's inappropriate behavior will be extinguished.
B
Of the following statements, which one would most likely be made by someone who supports the cognitive view of learning? A. We must focus only on readily observable behaviors. B. The individual expected the stimulus to occur. C. Neural connections in the brain are responsible for behavioral change. D. A rat does not learn anything unless it is rewarded.
B
Reinforcing the behavior of a model will increase the probability of the same behavior in the observer. This is called A. external disinhibition. B. vicarious reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. spontaneous learning.
B
Solid experimental evidence suggests that children learn behaviors from television through A. latent learning. B. modeling. C. stimulus generalization. D. shaping.
B
Some guidelines for chemotherapy patients have been developed through our understanding of how learned taste aversions are conditioned. Which of the following would help a chemotherapy patient avoid a learned taste aversion? A. Eating ice cream after a treatment B. Fasting before a treatment and playing video games C. Waiting two hours after a treatment before eating D. Eating novel foods with the meal preceding the treatment
B
Suppose that your cat has learned to jump up on your lap during dinner to get food. In order to stop this, you do not give food to your cat when he jumps onto your lap. This is an example of A. extinction in classical conditioning. B. extinction in operant conditioning. C. generalization in classical conditioning. D. generalization in operant conditioning.
B
The connectionist theory of learning suggests that A. learning takes place due to changes in thinking patterns in the brain. B. neural connections between stimuli and responses are established in the brain. C. behavior improves due to thinking, expectations, beliefs, and perceptions. D. behavior improves when cognitive processes are linked to other cognitive processes.
B
The fact that it is easier to condition a fear of things that have some intrinsic association with danger suggests that people are _______ prepared to learn certain kinds of fear. A. psychologically B. biologically C. intuitively D. latently
B
The idea that we can tell the difference between the appropriate occasion for a response and an inappropriate occasion for a response is known as A. the law of effect. B. stimulus discrimination. C. stimulus generalization. D. vicarious learning.
B
The method of successive approximations is used to achieve the learning goal of A. extinction. B. shaping. C. generalization. D. discrimination.
B
The study of "Little Albert" is a famous example of the study of learned that was conducted by A. Pavlov. B. Watson. C. Thorndike. D. Bandura.
B
When every response is followed by a reinforcer, this is known as A. stimulus generalization. B. continuous reinforcement. C. intermittent reinforcement. D. extinction.
B
Which of the following is best associated with place learning? A. Acquiring fixed patterns of muscle movements B. Acquiring knowledge of the location of the reinforcer C. Learning based on some instinctive, unlearned capacity D. Kinesthetic and proprioceptive feedback
B
Avoidance responses can be extinguished rapidly by using A. secondary reinforcers. B. spontaneous recovery. C. response prevention. D. stimulus discrimination.
C
Compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, partial schedules of reinforcement A. produce the greatest stimulus generalization. B. produce lower rates of responding. C. are more resistant to extinction. D. are less resistant to extinction.
C
Helen used to love bananas. Then one day she ate nine bananas and got sick. Over the next 45 years, Helen never ate another banana. Helen's behavioral change concerning bananas is called a A. learning set. B. vicarious punishment. C. learned taste aversion. D. stimulus discrimination.
C
Snickers, your cocker spaniel, barked at squirrels. After successfully removing this behavior, you find she has started barking again. This is an example of A. stimulus generalization. B. response generalization. C. spontaneous recovery. D. superstitious behavior.
C
Spontaneous recovery and external disinhibition can occur A. only during classical conditioning. B. only during operant conditioning. C. during both operant and classical extinction. D. during both stimulus generalization and discrimination.
C
The notion of response prevention suggests that avoidance responses can be extinguished by A. pairing two new incompatible responses. B. removing the primary reinforcer. C. preventing the avoidance from occurring. D. pairing new responses with old responses.
C
The opposite of stimulus discrimination is A. stimulus acceptance. B. delay of inhibition. C. stimulus generalization. D. spontaneous recovery.
C
When learning by watching others, we tend to learn more from a model we see being reinforced. Learning by watching someone else's reinforcement is called ______ reinforcement. A. continuous B. classical C. vicarious D. intermittent
C
When rats learn to navigate a maze based on the location of food rather than a series of left-right turns, this study by Tolman lead to the concept of A. retroactive disinhibition. B. spontaneous recovery. C. a cognitive map. D. response blockage.
C
When the pairing of a food and nausea occur once yet lead to the avoidance of that food, this describes the classical conditioning process of A. fixed-ratio reinforcement. B. the law of effect. C. learned taste aversion. D. superstitious food behavior.
C
You trained a rat to press a lever using positive reinforcement. When the behavior was well learned you stopped giving the reward for the lever-pressing behavior. Most likely, you next discovered that the A. lever-pressing behavior increased. B. rat developed an avoidance response. C. lever-pressing behavior was extinguished. D. rat learned stimulus discrimination.
C
Bandura's famous study with the children and the Bobo doll was a demonstration of A. operant conditioning. B. stimulus generalization. C. learning set. D. modeling.
D
In a classical conditioning situation, you present the CS, but it is no longer paired with the UCS. After a period of time has passed, you present the CS and the CR returns. When the CR returns during the course of extinction, it is called A. stimulus generalization. B. stimulus discrimination. C. response prevention. D. spontaneous recovery.
D
J. J. became extremely nauseous two hours after eating a fried corn dog at the county fair. Through this experience she learned to dislike corn dogs. What was the UCS in this example? A. The corn dog B. Time C. The county fair D. Nausea
D
Researchers have demonstrated that learning can occur in the absence of a reinforcer. This learning is demonstrated at a later time. The name for this type of learning is A. spontaneous recovery. B. observational learning. C. classical conditioning. D. latent learning.
D
When a conditioned response that was extinguished suddenly returns after an interval of rest, what has occurred? A. External disinhibition B. Internal disinhibition C. Negative reinforcement D. Spontaneous recovery
D
When observing others modeling behavior for us, which of the following characteristics would lead to the highest likelihood of imitating the model's behavior? A. Very unsuccessful B. Not likable C. Unattractive D. High status
D
When voluntary behaviors are either strengthened or weakened by their outcomes, the behavioral changes result from A. insight learning. B. classical conditioning. C. observational learning. D. operant conditioning.
D
When we see someone else get rewarded for a particular behavior, what is likely to occur? A. External disinhibition B. Indirect reinforcement C. Superstitious behavior D. Vicarious reinforcement
D
Wolfgang Köhler, a Gestalt psychologist, described a type of learning that involved a sudden cognitive change. The term used to describe this learning is A. reinforcement. B. trial and error. C. connectionism. D. insight.
D
All changes in behavior are the result of learning.
F
Escape conditioning is a type of positive reinforcement.
F
If after some extinction has occurred, the CS is presented and an occasional CR is observed, this is called response prevention.
F
In Pavlov's classic experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the sound of a metronome.
F
In classical conditioning, learning will occur more quickly when the UCS precedes the CS
F
In operant conditioning, the individual does not have to do anything for learning to occur.
F
Learned taste aversion is an example of operant conditioning at work.
F
Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to the passage of time.
F
Money is a primary reinforcer.
F
Observational learning is the form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the likelihood of that behavior reoccurring.
F
On a variable interval schedule, the reinforcer is obtained only after a varying number of responses have been made.
F
Operant conditioning was first described by John B. Watson based on the study of Little Albert.
F
Responses that have been continuously reinforced are harder to extinguish than responses that have been reinforced on a variable ratio schedule.
F
Stimulus discrimination occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.
F
The abbreviation UCS stands for uncontrollable stimulus.
F
The cognitive view of learning suggests that learning occurs due to neural connections in the brain.
F
The ultimate goal of negative reinforcement is to strengthen behavior.
F
The ultimate goal of punishment is to strengthen behavior.
F
Edward Tolman's work on place learning and latent learning supported the cognitive interpretation of learning.
T
For an infant to unlearn a fear response that has been classically conditioning, the process of counterconditioning can be used.
T
Harlow's work with monkeys showed that learning sets enhance insight learning.
T
In a ratio schedule of reinforcement, the number of responses made determines when the reinforcer will be given.
T
In classical conditioning behaviors are elicited, while in operant conditioning behaviors are emitted.
T
Ivan Pavlov is considered one of the first to study what is now called classical conditioning.
T
Learning by observing the behavior of others is called modeling.
T
Positive reinforcement is more effective when the delay of reinforcement is minimized.
T
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment are terms associated with operant conditioning.
T
Rats who know where something is in a maze relative to a starting place possess a cognitive map.
T
Response prevention is a technique used to extinguish avoidance responses.
T
Secondary reinforcers are acquired through learning.
T
The key element in classical conditioning is association.
T
The method of successive approximations is also called shaping.
T
The opposite of stimulus discrimination is stimulus generalization.
T
The process of watching another person receiving reinforcement is called vicarious reinforcement.
T
When the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS, eventually the CR will no longer appear because the original learning environment has changed. This process is called extinction.
T
When the frequency of a behavior decreases following a negative consequence, punishment has occurred.
T
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? A. Grades B. Food C. Applause D. Money
B
What is the overall effect of delay of reinforcement? A. It slows learning. B. It speeds learning. C. It has no effect on learning. D. It accelerates learning.
A
A major league baseball pitcher changes his arm strength by taking steroids, which in turn changes his pitching. Is this change in pitching due to learning? A. No, because the change was not due to experience. B. No, because arm strength has nothing to do with pitching. C. Yes, because the pitcher learned to take steroids. D. Yes, because changes from steroids are permanent.
A
A slot machine is programmed to pay the grand prize jackpot only once during every 100,000 plays. This is an example of a A. fixed-ratio schedule. B. variable-ratio schedule. C. fixed-interval schedule. D. variable-interval schedule.
A
After John was ridiculed by the teacher in his high school English class, he began cutting class. This can be seen as an example of A. avoidance conditioning. B. discriminative conditioning. C. positive reinforcement. D. punishment.
A
Escape conditioning causes a behavior to _____, while avoidance conditioning causes a behavior to _____. A. stop; not happen B. not happen; stop C. start; accelerate D. accelerate; start
A
If you are going to use punishment, which of the following would be recommendations based on psychological research? A. Do not use physical punishment. B. Punish behavior after a time delay. C. Only deliver half the punishment necessary. D. Punish the person, not the behavior.
A
In classical conditioning, what does the person (or animal) have to do in order for learning to occur? The organism (human or animal) A. does not have to do anything. B. needs to be ready to receive positive reinforcement. C. must be resistant to multiple forms of punishment. D. has to have reached the age of maturity.
A
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat comes running toward the kitchen at the sound of the can opener, not at the sight of the food. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the A. conditioned stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned response.
A
Many psychiatric hospitals offer patients the chance to perform chores in exchange for tokens. The patients can use these tokens to purchase items at the hospital store. This system is an example of A. secondary reinforcement. B. primary reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. cognitive restructuring.
A
Thorndike's "law of effect" suggests that A. the consequences of a behavior influence the probability of that behavior being repeated. B. the more we observe positive models in our environment, the more we emulate those models. C. when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly followed by an unconditioned stimulus, learning occurs. D. the more we know, the more we comprehend that we don't know.
A
Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as A. classical conditioning is to operant conditioning. B. operant conditioning is to classical conditioning. C. unlearned is to learned. D. learned is to unlearned.
C
The termination of a behavior is known as ______ conditioning, while preventing the behavior from occurring all along is known as ______ conditioning. A. avoidance; escape B. generalized; specified C. escape; avoidance D. specified; generalized
C
If the state troopers drive yellow Fords in your state, there may be an immediate braking response when you see any yellow Ford. This reaction is known as A. an escape response. B. stimulus discrimination. C. superstitious behavior. D. stimulus generalization.
D
In positive reinforcement, the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the A. latent reaction. B. punisher. C. effected law. D. operant response.
D
Jill was trying to operantly condition her dog to roll over. Each time her dog rolled over she immediately said "good dog." However, the dog did not learn to roll over on command. Which of the following may best explain why? A. Jill used inconsistent reinforcement. B. The CS did not match the CR. C. Jill should have delayed the reinforcement. D. Saying "good dog" was not reinforcing to her dog.
D
John's toaster is malfunctioning. Sometimes his toast is ready in 10 seconds. Sometimes he must wait 30 seconds. At times, it can even take several minutes before the toast is done. The toaster has John on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval
D
Learning from the consequences of our behavior, which in turn leads to the strengthening, or weakening of behaviors is called A. observational learning. B. latent learning. C. classical conditioning. D. operant conditioning.
D
When counterconditioning is used, a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that is _______ the conditioned response. A. reinforced by B. extinguished by C. associated with D. incompatible with
D
A parent brings his 15-month-old to the pediatrician's office for her first shot. The child is happy and playful right up until the time the shot is injected. Now, every time the child sees someone in a white lab coat, she cries in terror. The injection in this scenario served as the A. conditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned stimulus. C. unconditioned response. D. conditioned response.
B
A student comes to college and is extremely anxious about doing poorly and flunking out. To calm her fears, the student studies hard and receives all A's the first semester. This student has been A. positively reinforced. B. negatively reinforced. C. classically conditioned. D. vicariously punished.
B
At the beginning of the semester your history instructor announced that you will have a test every three weeks until the end of the semester. What schedule of reinforcement was being used? A. Fixed ratio B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval
B
Fred asks his mom for a cookie, but the answer is no. He whines and cries, so his mom gives him a cookie and he calms down. According to the principles of operant conditioning, what can be expected? A. Mom will be less likely to give cookies in the future. B. Fred will whine and cry more often in the future. C. Fred will cry whenever he is hungry. D. Fred will enjoy his cookie less than if he had received it after the first request.
B
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A. Learning to avoid your boss by hiding when he comes by your office B. Doing your work fast to avoid your boss's constant nagging about deadlines C. Doing your work to gain a bonus D. Complimenting your boss every time you see him
B
Women who breastfeed their babies often notice that the crying of any infant may result in milk ejection. In this case, the crying of any infant is a(n) A. unconditioned stimulus. B. conditioned stimulus. C. unconditioned response. D. conditioned response.
B
A child cries until his mother gives him a piece of candy. The candy is a(n) A. conditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. positive reinforcer. D. secondary reinforcer.
C
A parent's spanking behavior increased dramatically after she initially used it to stop her children from whining. Which danger of punishment has been demonstrated here? A. The criticism trap B. Learned helplessness C. Punishment is reinforcing to the punisher. D. There is no danger demonstrated in the example.
C
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from each other in that operant conditioning A. involves reflexive or involuntary behavior. B. occurs independently of behavior. C. occurs only if the response being conditioned has been emitted. D. is not contingent on the occurrence of a response.
C
If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for every five words spelled correctly, the student's behavior is being reinforced on a ______ schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-ratio C. fixed-ratio D. continuous
C
If your beagle lies down when you say "Dead!," and you discover that he will do the same trick when you say the words red, head, or bed, what has taken place? A. Stimulus discrimination B. Response discrimination C. Stimulus generalization D. Vicarious generalization
C
In an experiment, participants are to learn a classically conditioned response. Which of the following will occur on the first learning trial? A. The participant cannot make a UCR. B. The UCR will elicit a CS. C. The CS will not elicit a CR. D. The CS will elicit a UCR.
C
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is a(n) A. unconditioned stimulus. B. conditioned stimulus. C. unconditioned response. D. conditioned response.
C
In classical conditioning, one has the ability to "undo" the association of neutral stimuli with fearful responses by using the process of A. stimulus generalization. B. stimulus discrimination. C. counterconditioning. D. spontaneous recovery.
C
In classical conditioning, which of the following is true of the unconditioned stimulus? A. It becomes associated with the response after learning. B. It causes the response only in the presence of the conditioned stimulus. C. It elicits the response without any learning. D. It is emitted by the unconditioned response.
C
In positive reinforcement, the consequences of a behavior are ______ and the behavior is likely to occur _____. A. positive; less B. negative; less C. positive; more D. negative; more
C
Increase behavior is to decrease behavior as A. positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement. B. punishment is to positive reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement is to punishment. D. punishment is to primary reinforcement.
C
It is ______ conditioning that studies the relationship between a response and the resulting consequence. A. counter B. classical C. operant D. Pavlovian
C
Learning is defined as a _______ change in behavior due to ______. A. temporary; experience B. biological; reinforcement C. relatively permanent; experience D. biological; maturation
C
Learning that occurs as a result of the consequences of our behavior is called _______ conditioning. A. classical B. Pavlovian C. operant D. observational
C
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat runs toward the plate of food when it sees it being set on the floor. In this example, the placement of the food on the floor is a(n) A. conditioned stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned response.
C
Mr. Harper used to yell at Mrs. Harper for trumping cards unnecessarily when they played bridge. Instead of improving her play, Mrs. Harper gave up bridge altogether. This is an example of A. the punished individual turning the punishment into reinforcement. B. the punished individual learning to dislike the punisher. C. punishment's generalized inhibiting effect. D. the punisher feeling reinforced for giving out punishment.
C
Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus was more likely to produce dogs to salivate if the stimulus A. was delivered on a variable interval schedule. B. positively reinforced salivation. C. and food were frequently associated. D. followed the salivation by one second.
C
There are two vending machines in your dorm. The one on the left always works; the one on the right is usually broken. You put your money only in the machine on the left. This is A. stimulus generalization. B. external disinhibition. C. stimulus discrimination. D. superstitious behavior.
C
Using Pavlov's idea of learning through association, a(n) ______ stimulus comes to elicit a response over time. A. learned B. original C. neutral D. inborn
C
When an instructor commends students for asking tentative questions in order to encourage the asking of more detailed and technical questions, the instructor is using A. classical conditioning. B. a conditioned response. C. shaping. D. primary reinforcement.
C
When researchers conclude that punishment has "generalized inhibiting effect," what does that mean? A. The person delivering the punishment actually experiences negative reinforcement. B. Punishing for one negative behavior generalizes to other negative behaviors. C. Most behaviors tend to stop after punishment, including the positive behaviors. D. We begin to dislike those individuals who deliver the punishment.
C
When using positive reinforcement, the _______ should immediately follow the ______. A. CS; UCS B. UCR; CS C. reinforcer; response D. response; reinforcer
C
Which of the following is a key element in operant conditioning? A. The type of stimulus used B. The nature of the learning task C. The consequences of a behavior D. Whether a response is elicited or not
C
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer? A. Physical activity B. Food C. Money D. Water
C
With shaping, the desired outcome or behavior that is the ultimate goal is called A. continuous behavior. B. the secondary reinforcer. C. the target response. D. intermittent succession.
C
A pigeon learned to peck a lighted disc for a few bits of grain. The bird does not peck when the light is off because no grain will be forthcoming. The light is called the A. generalized stimulus. B. conditioned stimulus. C. conditioned response. D. discriminative stimulus.
D
A teenager has been grounded by her parents for not doing the dishes. Mom tells the teenager that if you do the dishes, then you will not be grounded anymore. This attempt at behavior change is best described as A. habituation. B. extinction. C. positive reinforcement. D. negative reinforcement.
D
An animal in a Skinner box received a brief electric shock each time a bar was pressed. Subsequently, the animal stopped pressing the bar due to A. escape conditioning. B. disinhibition. C. negative reinforcement. D. punishment.
D
An essential factor in the definition of learning is that the learned behavior A. must result from maturation. B. must be unmotivated. C. has a biological cause. D. is relatively permanent.
D
At the beginning of a learning process using positive reinforcement, it is important to A. only use secondary reinforcement. B. progress very slowly. C. avoid using extrinsic rewards. D. use consistent reinforcement.
D
If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for, on average, every three words correctly spelled, this would be an example of being reinforced on a ______ schedule. A. continuous B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-ratio
D
If students in your class wait to read and prepare for an exam until the day before each regularly scheduled exam, how can you increase their studying time on a day-to-day basis? A. Punish the lack of studying done by students. B. Implement penalties for wrong answers from one to two points per question. C. Start to praise more in class. D. Start giving unannounced pop quizzes.
D
In Pavlov's classic studies with dogs and digestion, what was the response that Pavlov measured? A. Amount of food presented B. Footsteps in the laboratory C. Sound of a metronome D. Amount of salivation
D
In Pavlov's experiments, which condition of association produced the best results? A. When the metronome preceded the food powder by 10 seconds B. When the food powder and metronome were presented simultaneously C. When the food powder preceded the metronome by 10 seconds D. When the metronome preceded the food powder by half a second
D
In order to cry during a particular scene, an actor held a handkerchief soaked in onion juice close to her nose. The onion juice served as a(n) A. conditioned response. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned stimulus.
D
Maria's boss was unhappy with the way her grooming and dress had deteriorated over the last few years. Rather than reprimand her, the boss decided to lavishly praise Maria on days when she was neater and gradually raise his requirements for praise as Maria became neater and neater. The technique being planned was A. extinction. B. shaping. C. fixed-interval reinforcement. D. variable-interval reinforcement.
B
Punishment involves a ______ consequence that leads to a(n) ______ in the frequency of a behavior. A. negative; increase B. negative; decrease C. positive; increase D. positive; decrease
B
Regarding learning, ______ has occurred when the consequence of a behavior leads to an increased probability of that behavior being repeated in the future. A. observational learning B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. latent learning
B
Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called _______ reinforcers. A. primary B. secondary C. classical D. conditioned
B
Some kindergarten children were shown a film on how to brush their teeth. If a change in behavior is not immediately obvious after viewing the instructional film, you may conclude that A. learning has not occurred. B. there is a potential for a behavioral change. C. maturation has interfered with learning. D. the children were obviously not paying attention.
B
The Smiths' new puppy cries in the middle of the night. Various family members periodically check the dog, who responds by happily wagging his tail. Lately, his crying has actually increased. This increase is likely due to A. positive punishment. B. positive reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. classical conditioning.
B
When a sexual fetish develops, the conditioned stimulus is A. sexual behavior. B. a nonsexual object. C. an erotic picture. D. a primary reinforcer.
B
Which of the following best describes the law of effect? A. A conditioned stimulus will produce a conditioned response. B. The consequence of a response determines whether the response will be repeated. C. Reinforcers should be given immediately after a response. D. Behaviors will be elicited if the conditioned response is strong.
B
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat runs toward the plate of food when it sees it being set on the floor. In this example, running toward a plate of food when set in front of the cat is a(n) A. conditioned stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned response.
D
The origins of unusual sexual fetishes may best be explained by A. learned helplessness. B. the partial reinforcement effect. C. superstitious behavior. D. classical conditioning.
D
The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response is called A. stimulus discrimination. B. stimulus disinhibition. C. response generalization. D. stimulus generalization.
D
When a baby is born, it shows no preference for its father's voice, but after a month of living with Dad, a baby will show a clear preference for Dad's voice over other men's voices. This new preference is an example of A. maturation. B. genetics. C. insight. D. learning.
D
When trying to reduce the frequency of behavior using punishment, criticism is often used by parents and teachers. However, researchers have argued that this leads to the criticism trap. What is the criticism trap? A. The criticism of our children, for any type of misbehavior, can lead to the decline or inhibition of all behaviors, including positive ones. B. Researchers have criticized the use of punishment because of its cruel nature, especially with the risks of child abuse. C. One of the criticisms of punishment is that although it might reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior, it does not strengthen an alternative desirable behavior. D. Criticism intending to be a negative consequence is perceived as attention by the child and therefore is a positive reinforcer.
D
Which of the following is an example of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? A. Reinforcement occurs every three minutes. B. Reinforcement occurs after two rewards. C. Two reinforcers are given every four minutes. D. Reinforcement occurs after every 15th correct response.
D
Which of the following is an example of avoidance conditioning? A. Missing a curfew and getting grounded for two weeks B. Getting an A on this psychology examination C. Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache D. Taking the garbage out before your parents yell at you
D
Which type of conditioning typically involves involuntary, reflexive behaviors? A. Observational B. Vicarious C. Operant D. Classical
D
You fear that your date may not be receptive to your idea of seeing a new play, so you do not even mention it. This is an example of A. escape behavior. B. extinction. C. primary reinforcement. D. avoidance behavior.
D