psychology exam #1

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what are some examples of measurements of loudness

25 dB - a whisper heard from 5 ft away 30 dB - an average library 85-90 dB - may cause hearing damage through prolonged exposure

What evidence is there that the left hemisphere of the brain is the primary language processing area?

Broca's and Wernicke's areas are usually on the left.

The brain and the spinal cord make up which of these parts of the nervous system?

CNS

A sample consists of multiple populations.

F

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

F

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

F

Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

F

Correlations allow us to determine causality.

F

Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites.

F

The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.

F

Charlie the Chimp saw that the bananas he wanted were out of his reach. He thought for a while and quickly realized he could stack boxes to reach them. Which researcher most likely set up this test of insight?

Kohler

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.

People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

T

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

T

Direct artificial stimulation of the parietal lobe produces a sense of being touched somewhere on your body.

T

Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

T

Subliminal simulation may have the ability to influence people's behaviors

T

The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.

T

Amir suffered a closed head injury in a car accident and now he has trouble understanding the relationship between words and their meanings. What part of his brain was most likely damaged?

Wernicke's area

what is a texture gradient

a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces

what is a dichromat

a person who is sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow and is, therefore, partially color-blind

What is stroboscopic motion?

a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession

what is an example of an absolute threshold of sound

a watch ticking from about 20 ft away in a quiet room

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?

biological

When your instructor turns off the light in the classroom in order to make the PowerPoint slides easier to see, it may look like the projector suddenly got more powerful. You know that the appearance hasn't actually changed due to which concept?

brightness constancy

Alejandro is participating in a study of a drug that is supposed to increase reaction time and foot speed. If neither he nor the researcher knows if Alejandro got the real drug or the placebo, what kind of study is it?

double blind

what is the law of common fate

elements seen moving together are perceived as belonging together

Which chemical messenger intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety?

epinephrine

Breonna insists racism is only present if a person violently attacks someone of another race while spewing racial slurs, but Jacqueline believes that racism happens when someone supports policies that benefit one group over another. On which point and aspect of critical thinking do Breonna and Jacqueline disagree?

examine definitions of terms

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed ________.

extrasensory perception

The surface of the cerebrum—the cerebral cortex—is wrinkled, or convoluted, with ridges and valleys. These valleys are known as ________.

fissures

what is frequency theory

for us to perceive lower pitches, we need to match the frequency of the sound waves w our neural impulses

Culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity are described as which of the following?

gender

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) ________.

health psychologist

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her ________.

hippocampus

A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as ________.

informed consent

Whenever we hear a loud, unexpected sound, we often have a startle response. The pattern of behavior that is triggered in this specific situation is called a (an)

instinct

As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the ________.

iris

what is proximity

nearness

What is sent by a neuron to relay its message to another neuron?

neurotransmitters

what is an example of an absolute threshold of smell

one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house (one particle out of 500 million)

what is an example of an absolute threshold of taste

one teaspoon of sugar dissolved in two gallons of water

Which structure serves as a sort of telephone wire from the eyes to the brain?

optic nerve

When you look at a pair of train tracks and see them appear to converge as they move into the distance, you're experiencing ________.

perspective

Which gland is sometimes called the "master gland" or "gland champion" because it controls other glands?

pituitary

Amelia is a general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches. After running some tests, Amelia concludes that the patient is not suffering from any medical disorder. However, the patient insisted that she has stomach cancer. The patient then volunteered for a medical trial where she was given a pill with a new medication while participants in the trial were given sugar pills. This best exemplifies ________.

placebo

Alex is trying to overcome their shyness. The therapist asks to talk about their childhood, looking for unconscious conflicts. Alex's therapist is most likely following which school of thought?

psychoanalytic

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, what are the three types of color photoreceptors we have?

red, blue, and green

Chloe has been having a lot of difficulty paying attention at work and sleeping at night. Which of the following structures might be the cause of these issues?

reticular formation

In which part of the eye are photoreceptors found?

retina

This binocular depth cue us based on the fact that when you look at an object, a slightly different picture of that object is displayed on each retina due to the different angles each eye is seeing it from.

retinal disparity

what does the retina consist of?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a ________.

selection factor

what are illusions

sensations that give rise to misperception

As part of a study in auditory perception, students were made to listen to a low-volume music track. When they first put on their headphones, they almost couldn't hear anything. But as they became more attentive, the sound gradually became clearer. This is an example of

sensitization

What is visual acuity?

sharpness of vision

what are the six basic senses

sight, sound, taste, touch, hearing and extrasensory perception

A hypothesis is a ________.

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research

what are binocular cues

stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes

The auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing information for the sense of hearing, is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

B. F. Skinner proposed ________.

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

what does loudness measure

the amplitude, or height, of the sound waves. measured in decibels (dB)

what is pitch

the highness or lowness of a sound, determined through the frequency of the sound waves

what is the cochlea

the inner ear, the bony tube connecting the basilar membrane to the organ of corti

what is the after image

the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

Which of the following theories proposed that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?

the opponent-process theory

Which theory of color vision better explains afterimages?

the opponent-process theory

what is figure-ground processing

the perception of images by the distinction of objects from a background from which they appear to stand out, especially when the distinction is ambiguous

The tendency to perceive an image with missing visual components as being complete or whole refers to ________.

the principle of closure

What is sensory adaptation?

the process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that remain the same

As discussed in your text, the Literary Digest incorrectly predicted Alf Landon to win the 1936 presidential election over Franklin D. Roosevelt. What is believed to be the primary source of their error?

the sample

what is sensation

the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system (the spinal cord and brain)

what is closure

the tendency to ontegrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns

What is desensitization?

the type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli; also called "negative adaptation"

What is sensitization?

the type of sensory adaptation in which we become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude; also called "positive adaptation."

What is an absolute threshold?

the weakest level of a stimulus that is necessary to produce a sensation; for light, it would be the minimum brightness required to activate the visual sensory system.

What is the trichromatic theory?

theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to either red or green light, blue or yellow light and some to the lights intensity

what is similarity

togetherness

A person with normal color vision is labeled a ________.

trichromat

what do you call a person with normal color vision?

trichromat

An error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not is known as ________.

volunteer bias

what is a subliminal stimulus?

A sensory stimulus that is below a persons acolute threshold for conscious perception; often referring sometimes to cryptic sexual messages found in TV commercials or in movies

Whenever we receive really painful cuts or bruises, neurons located in that area of our body transmit very large and intense impulses.

F

Compared to the rest of our bodies, which of the following is a feature of gray matter?

It consists of non-myelinated neurons.

In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?

The frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.

what is visible light

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations

what is an example of an absolute threshold of vision

a candle flame viewed from 30 miles on a clear, dark night

Which gland is responsible for the production of epinephrine?

adrenal

what is perception

an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is ________.

an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts

what is the blind spot

area in the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve; it is thus insensitive to visual stimulation

The part of a neuron that extends like a trunk from the cell body is called a ________.

axon

In the fovea, a central region of the retina, we have a dense concentration of which kinds of visual cells?

cones

The tendency to perceive a series of points (or lines) as having unit is the crus of which of the Gestalt principles of perception?

continuity

Which of the following is a binocular depth cue?

convergence

An association among variables is known as ________.

correlation

The ________ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.

difference threshold

According to the biological perspective of psychology, what interacts with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes?

environmental factors

Among lower animals, stimulation of various areas of which brain structure can trigger instinctual behaviors such as fighting, mating, or nest building?

hypothalamus

A person in which field primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work?

industrial psychologist

Alex uses his podcast to spread his conspiracy theory that chimpanzees set wildfires as revenge for being subject to experimentation. If Tempie demands proof, what aspect of critical thinking are they using?

insist on evidence

Which of the following areas of the body is the most sensitive to touch?

lips

The amplitude of a sound wave determines the ________.

loudness

Damage to which brain stem structure may cause the heart and lungs to stop working?

medulla

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through ________.

motor neurons

Which hue has the longest wavelength?

red

Chika has lost the sensation of touch in her skin. Which part of her brain is most likely malfunctioning?

somatosensory cortex

what are monocular cues

stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye

what is a hue

the color of light, as determined by its wavelength

how is the pitch of a sound determined

the number of cycles per second, or frequency (wavelength), measure in hertz (Hz); the greater the hertz, the higher the pitch

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

The participants are debriefed afterward


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