Psychology Exam 1
Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?
They have higher attrition rates than other populations.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.
somnambulism
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
spinal cord
________ can be used to assess ________.
statistical analyses; reliability
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.
basic survival needs
dependent variable
behavior or mental process being measured
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.
beta-endorphin
Curare
blocks of ACh by binding at ACh receptor sites
Botulin
blocks release of ACh
Why can't all chemicals get into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?
breathing
parasympathetic nervous system
calms
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.
case studies
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.
chromosomes; DNA
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
circular
Parasites
common type of symbiosis
A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.
computerized tomography (CT) scan
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.
confirmation bias
What does the corpus callosum do?
connects the two hemispheres
Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?
counseling psychology
Order of neural communication
dendrite-cell body-axon-terminal buttons-synapse
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
dependent
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
depression
A major advantage of case studies is ________.
detailed information
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
developmental psychology
Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?
dopamine; norepinephrine
In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.
double-blind
Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.
double-blind
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.
electroencephalography (EEG)
Humanism
emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
Sleep apnea is defined by ________.
episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
evolution by natural selection
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?
evolutionary
Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.
narcolepsy
If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
A negative correlation means ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?
sigmund freud
Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?
sleep
Dopamine
movement, learning, and emotion
Acetycholine (ACh)
muscle control, learning, and memory
Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.
narcolepsy
Cerebellum
voluntary movement and balance
somatic nervous system
voluntary muscles
The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.
why empirical research is needed
People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.
1
When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?
1800s
Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
A graduate student observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.
Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?
Aggressive behaviors in female rats will be increased by testosterone administration, compared to a control group.
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?
An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.
Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.
An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.
Gestalt Psychology
Why is psychology considered a social science?
Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.
Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?
Dissertation
Which of these brain imaging techniques involve wearing electrodes?
EEG
William James was the ________.
First American psychologist
Planning decision making and judgement are carried out in the ______?
Frontal Lobe
This lobe is important for movement?
Frontal Lobe
Which of the following does not influence perception?
Gestalt
Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?
It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.
________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
Jane Goodall
Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?
Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.
This lobe is important for vision?
Occipital Lobe
Amplex
Parasitoid Wasp
This lobe is important for touch?
Parietal Lobe
What happens if you have too little dopamine?
Parkinson's
Ahmet is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Ahmet is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
Thalamus
Relay station for sensory information
Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?
Rosalind Cartwright
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
Stage 2
This lobe is important for hearing?
Temporal Lobe
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective.
Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?
The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.
American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research?
The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.
What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.
The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.
The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
Wernicke's area
Forensic Psychology
a branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system
Cordyceps
a fungus that attacks ants
Toxoplasma gondii
a parasite protozep
Industrial-Organizational psychology
a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings
synapse
a very small space between two neurons and is an important site where communication between neurons occurs
During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
adrenal
clinical psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
sympathetic nervous system
arouses (stressed)
Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.
at least three nights a week for one month
limbic system
important for emotion, memory, motivation
Hippocampus
important for memory
Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
favoring women over men
Amygdala
fear and aggression
counseling psychology
focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and healthrelated outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy
health psychology
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Social Psychology
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others
personality psychology
focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
psychoanalytic theory
focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
forensic
How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?
four
Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?
frontal
Where is the motor cortex located?
frontal lobe
Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Entomophthora
fungus that attacks house flies
Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.
genotype; Bb
autonomic nervous system
glands, involuntary muscles
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.
glial cell
Medulla
heartbeat and breathing
________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
homeostasis
Functionalism
how mental activities help an organism fit in its environment
Hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, body temp, sex
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
hypothalamus
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
hypothalamus
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
hypothesis
The sleep debt is the result of ________.
insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
kicking and punching while asleep
Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.
latent
The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.
latent
Behaviorists study ________.
learned behavior
Randall is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.
limbic system; emotional
In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.
lucid
Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.
lucid
What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?
mid- and top-level management
agonists excite
mimics the neurotransmitter
Serotonin
mood, hunger, and sleep
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.
operational definition
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.
outside periods of REM sleep
________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.
parasomnia
Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.
parasomnias
Where is the sensory cortex located?
parietal lobe
The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
pituitary
The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.
pons
Introspection
process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible
Methamphetamine
produces a huge rush of dopamine in brain
Who was Phineas Gage?
railroad worker
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
Antagonists inhibit
reduce the amount released
Endorphins
released in response to pain or exercise
________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
reliability
The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
reticular formation
Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.
sample; population; generalization
A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.
scatterplot
What happens if you have too much dopamine?
schizophrenia
Psychology refers to the ________.
scientific study of the mind
Behaviorism
study of observable behavior
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
study the function of behavior
sport and exercise psychology
study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety
Cognitive Psychology
studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.
substantia nigra; dopamine
independent variable
the factor being manipulated
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.
the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population
Experiment
the researcher manipulates a factor (independent variable) to observe the effect of some behavior (dependent variable)
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.
the scientific method
developmental psychology
the study of development across the life span
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.
the use of reinforcement and punishment
________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement.
the ventral tegmental area
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
theory
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Structuralism
understanding the structure or characteristics of the mind