Psychology Exam 1

The early school of psychology called functionalism was largely influenced by the ideas of...

William James

Dr. Cuellar studies the ways in which the endocrine system and the nervous system are similar. What might he conclude?

both systems secrete molecules that activate receptors elsewhere

What makes up the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

Using carbon dating in an ingenious study, Kirsty Spalding and colleagues provided proof that as many as ________ new neurons were generated every day in the hippocampus, declining only slightly with age

1,400

Who was the founder of behaviorism?

John B. Watson

During psychotherapy, Domenic is being asked to discuss his early childhood experiences and reams. Domenic's therapist has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of _________

Sigmund Frued

Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology? a. To explain behavior and mental processes b. To describe behavior and mental processes c. To predict behavior and mental processes d. To illustrate behavior and mental processes

d. to illustrate behavior and mental processes

Henry has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. There has been significant damage to his hindbrain. It is likely that Henry is _________

fighting for his life

_______ cells assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes

glial

____________ is composed of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas _____________ is made of myelin

grey matter; white matter

Before the mid-1960s, neuroscientists and the public believed that the adult brain was...

hard-wired or fixed for life

Newborn neurons develop into mature functioning neurons in at least two areas of the human brain: the _________ and the _______

hippocampus; olfactory bulb

These chemical messengers are usually secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands; endorphins are an example of _________

hormones

The main link between the endocrine system and the nervous system, which regulates the release of hormones by the pituitary gland, is the part of the brain known as the...

hypothalamus

One of the benefits of conducting a "natural" experiment is that the ability to generalize the results...

increase

Research results showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal-to-modest effect in reducing the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The hypothesis that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale needs to be revised by increasing to 300 mg. This increase is a manipulation of the _____

independent

Contemporary psychologists continue to debate some of the ideas behind the doctrine of interactive dualism introduced by Rene Descartes, which states that...

mind and body are separate entities but interact to produce sensations, emotions, and conscious experiences

n a health psychology study, researchers compiled data on the number of participants in the study who exercised regularly and the number of hours of exercise each person did per week. Because more people reported exercising 5 hours a week than any other category, 5 hours per week would be the _________ for this distribution

mode

When you blink eyes, thousands of ______ fire

motor neurons

Inherited traits that increase the likelihood of reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto the generations to follow. This pattern can be explained by the principle of...

natural selection

Jessica is taking a graduate school course on therapy theories, one of which is about uncovering unconscious causes of behavior. It is likely that the text chapter that contains this theory is discussing...

psychoanalysis

A focus on the extent to which behaviors and personality spring from drives and conflict outside one's own awareness is most relevant to the _________________ perspective

psychodynamic

In order to control for experimenter bias as well as extraneous variables such as severity of condition, attitudes, age, etc. researchers assign subjects to groups by...

random assignment

he typical state of a neuron is __________, but when electrical signals stimulate it to its threshold, _________ is immediately observed

resting potential; action potential

Many researchers use this method when they are given the opportunity to study one person who has unique characteristics

the case study method

A child touches his index finger to a hot pan. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why is his screaming delayed in comparison to pulling away his finger?

the hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, but it takes time for the information about pain to reach the brain and produce an emotional response

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that is most directly associated with the degeneration of ______

the myelin sheath

Functionalism differs from structuralism in that functionalism emphasized...

the purpose of behavior and mental processes

What is psychology?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

An automatic reflex, such as a knee jerk or withdrawing a hand from a flame, involves...

the spinal cord

s Megan is reading the conclusions of a research article, she notices that the authors mention some tentative explanations to account for diverse findings on the topic. As a result of the author's _______, Megan is able to generate a prediction and hypothesis that she can test in her own research

theories

What qualities would researchers in psychology ascribe to "good" theories?

they should organize observations and imply clear, testable predictions

Your brain is involved in your every perception, thought, and emotion, as are its neurons and their neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that...

travel across the synaptic gap and affect adjoining neurons

Cortical localization can BEST be captured through the use of...

a PET or MRI scan

here have been reports in the field that patients taking a smoking cessation medication have felt better emotionally, especially those with anxiety. While there seems to be a correlation between those taking the drug and a decrease in anxiety, the pharmaceutical company that makes the medication cannot publicly market the drug as an anti-anxiety medication because there is NO evidence of...

a cause and effect relationship between drug and anxiety

If you choose a sample of the population that gives each person an equal chance of participating, this would be _________

a random sample

According to the journal "The Ability to Judge the Romantic Interest of Others", which of the following statement is TRUE when researchers have looked at how "readable" individual speed daters were? a. Predicting the dating interest of one sex does not help in predicting the interest level of the other. b. Predicting the dating interest of one sex show less difference in predicting the interest level of the other. c. Predicting the dating interest of one sex show no difference in predicting the interest level of the other. d. Predicting the dating interest of one sex show greater difference in predicting the interest level of the other.

a. predicting the dating interest of one sex does not help in predicting the interest level of the other

The brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron is called _________

action potential

______ is the partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language due to a brain injury or damage

aphasia

Luke recently had a severe stroke, and his doctors are trying to explain treatment options to him. Although Luke hears what they are saying, he cannot understand what the doctors are trying to tell him. This suggests that there are no problems with Luke's _______________, but there may be damage to ______________

auditory cortex; Wernicke's area

Which of the following is true about William Wundt? a. studying unconscious processes b. emphasizing the use of experimental methods to study mental processes c. establishing psychology as pseudoscience d. advocating the use of non-experimental methods in psychology

b. emphasizing the use of experimental methods to study mental processes

Which statement is the MOST accurate? a. Providing informed consent to participants is important but optional b. The use of deception is tolerated under special conditions. c. It is never ethical to use animals in psychological research d. It is never ethical to use animals in psychological research

b. the use of deception is tolerated under special conditions

According to the journal "The Role of Oxytocin in Human Affect", which of the following statement is FALSE in the trust game experiment? a. Participating in a trust game were more generous to give money to others than receiving a Placebo. b. Oxytocin have facilitated trust by decreasing betrayal adversity and increasing approach behavior. c. Oxytocin have facilitated trust by increasing betrayal adversity and decreasing approach behavior. d. Participating in a trust game have shown more reducing behaviors of fear and anxiety.

c. oxytocin have facilitated trust by increasing betrayal adversity and decreasing approach behavior

f a postsynaptic neuron receives an excitatory and an inhibitory message simultaneously, the two...

cancel each other out

One afternoon, a man stumbles into the emergency room, having great difficulty coordinating his movements. A physician performs a toxicology test and "rules out" intoxication. This leaves the physician to conclude that this man may have experienced damage to the...

cerebellum

The _________ connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

corpus callosum

Curtis is conducting research on whether amount of sleep affects students' scores on the exam. Prior to each exam he has the students write on the exam the number of hours they slept the night before. He records data for two different classes over a period of four weeks. He is conducting a ________ study

correlational

A specific region of the brain that a specific function, like color vision, is called...

cortical localization

A person who engages in _________ does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Instead, she or he analyzes assumptions, looks into hidden values, and tries to determine if the conclusions are warranted

critical thinking

The substantia nigra is positioned in the _____, just as the pons and medulla are positioned in the ________

midbrain; hindbrain

Psychology UTA's handed out some surveys to students in an introductory psychology class in order to collect data about the effects of school stress on mental health. As part of the _________ process, UTA's describe the nature of the research and corrects misconceptions that the students may have about the research

debriefing

In order for action potential to begin, the neuron must ________________

depolarize

Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and plays a role in drug addiction?

dopamine

The _______ is a method in which neither the research participants nor the researchers know whether the participants are getting the treatment or a placebo

double-blind procedure

_______ is the result of objective observation, measurement, and experimentation on which psychology is based

empirical evidence

Chris, a leading researcher in Parkinson's disease, is studying the effects of a new drug on 100 Parkinson's patients in the hospital where he works. What is the population of his study?

everyone with Parkinson's disease

A psychologist interested in facial expressions-specifically, how we can distinguish angry expressions from happy expressions and how these expressions originated in our ancestors-is MOST apt to be an _________________ psychologist

evolutionary

What impact does experience have on the human brain?

experience changes to brain's physical structure

In a study designed to measure whether number of hours of sleep significantly predicts higher test scores, researchers vary the number of hours of sleep that subjects get per night. This method of manipulating one variable to measure change in a second variable is part of the _____ method

experimental

Jim, a college freshmen, has agreed to participate in a psychology research study. Before he begins his participation, he reads a statement written by the researcher explaining the purpose of the research and the potential risks of participation. It also explains that Jim is free to withdraw from the research at any time. In providing Jim with this statement, the researcher has followed the ethical guidelines of ______ for participants

informed consent

What are the three main types of neurons?

interneurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons

The structuralist approach was both applauded and criticized for its emphasis on...

introspection

The work of Broca and Wernicke provided the first compelling clinical evidence that language and speech functions are performed primarily by the _______ cerebral hemisphere

left

_______ is the brain area that is responsible for heartbeat and breathing

medulla

Patient Jeff recently was struck in the head with a crowbar. Although his eyes were undamaged, he is not unable to see. As a result, Jeff's __________ is damaged

occipital lobe

The experimental method differs from descriptive methods because the experimental method is able to answer how...

one variable causes change in a second variable

After a police car with flashing lights and a blaring siren passes him and pulls over another driver for speeding, Justin's heartbeat soon slows down, his blood pressure decreases, and he stops sweating so much. These calming reactions are MOST directly regulated by his _________ nervous system

parasympathetic

The pea-sized gland located just under the brain that is governed by the hypothalamus is called the _______

pituitary gland

If someone taps you on the back, you sense the touch because the _______ cortex in the ______ lobe receives this tactile information

primary somatosensory; parietal

_________ convey information to the brain from specialized receptor cells in the sense organs

sensory neurons

Freud believed that human behavior was motivated by unconscious conflicts that were almost always _________ or __________ in nature

sexual; aggressive

The relationship between ions ___________ and ______________ in and around the axon is what activates polarization or depolarization of the neuron

sodium and potassium

Dr. Cuellar found a correlation of -.77 between obesity and the consumption of fast foods. This would be considered a _____ correlation

strong negative

Edward Titchener (1867-1927) began a school psychology called...

structuralism

Which is NOT a key provision given in the APA ethical guidelines for human participants?

students taking an introductory psychology course can be required to participate in a research project as part of the coursework

One of the drawbacks of ________ research is that participants may answer dishonestly, perhaps deliberately misrepresenting or lying about personal characteristics

survey

Luke's father is playing hide-and-go-seek with him. As Luke is searching for his father, his heart is racing and he feels nervous. When Luke finds his dad's hiding spot, hid dad jumps out and looks scary, stimulating the _____ part of Luke's nervous system

sympathetic

Behaviorism differs from psychoanalysis MOST notably in the behaviorists' emphasis on...

that which is observable

Charles Darwin's influence on psychology can be attributed to his ideas about...

the adaptation to environmental changes

Psychological research that requires subjects to participate in an experiment without the person's consent would be viewed by the American psychological society as...

unethical