Psychology Exam 2 (Ch. 6-11)

There are limits on classical conditioning. What did Garcia and Koelling's taste test do? Examples?

found that conditioning is stronger when the conditioned stimulus is ecologically relevant; drank too many cherry wine coolers and got super sick, and now has a taste aversion to anything cherry; (cucumber)

Sexual orientation is affected by brain differences, ________________ influences and ________________ influences

genetic; prenatal

What is the instinct theory?

genetically predisposed behaviors

What is shaping?

gradually guiding toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

During a hard task, a kid says "I like a challenge." What type of mindset does this child have?

growth mindset

A person with a ____________ mindset believe that traits are malleable (can be learned) whereas a ______________ mindset believes traits are stable overtime (can't be learned)

growth; fixed

How can prototypes influence our memories?

if a face has more percentage of asian in it, then our memories perceive them to look more asian than they are; same goes for an individual who is more caucasian

What is an example of motivation influencing perception and distance?

if you're throwing a bowling ball, you're going to overestimate the distance; if you're throwing a golf ball, you're going to underestimate the distance

Leading questions give rise to the ____________________ effect

imagination

Intuition is implicit/explicit knowledge

implicit

Describe the experiments that demonstrate the benefits associated with belonging

in college, having a core group of friends that are wholesome helps students be happier in general; in an actual interaction, as we're closer to people in proximity, our physical warmth but we also experience an emotional warmth

What is source amnesia?

inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge

Reinforcement ______________ the likelihood of a response

increases

What is positive reinforcement?

increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

What is negative reinforcement?

increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

What is synesthates? (synesthesia)

individuals who experience multiple senses with one sensory input

If there were to be damage in Wernicke's area (right side), what would happen?

individuals would be able to speak, but speaking doesn't often take meaningful shape

If there were to be damage to Broca's area, what would happen?

individuals would struggle to produce novel speech, can recall and produce speech for stuff that they don't have to produce in the moment such as singing a song that is familiar already to them

Language _______________ _________________

influences thought

What is top-down processing?

information processing guided by high-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions by filtering information through our experience and expectations

Punishment ____________ the likelihood of a response

decreases

Exposure to sexually explicit content (either internally or externally) can result in acceptance, _____________ partners or ________________ satisfaction

devaluing; diminished

What forms of cognition do we see in other animals?

display of concepts and numbers, insight, using tools/transmitting culture

What are some examples of memories influenced by state?

easier to recall information in the same physical state that we were in the first time we learned that information; lose your keys when you'redrunk, find your keys when you're drunk

What are some examples of memories influenced by mood?

easier to remember happy memories when you're happy; easier to remember sad memories when you're sad

Perceiving, Understanding, Using & Managing ____________ are all core components of ______________ ___________

emotions; emotional intelligence

Sexual orientation is defined as an _______________ sexual attraction

enduring

What is an example of positive punishment?

every time someone falls asleep in class, teachers draw on the student's faces; spanking

What are the five ingredients of creativity?

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation creative environment

It is possible for repeated mental imagery to create ____________ memories

false

What are some ways that same sex individuals differ in traits?

fingerprint ridge counts, occupational preferences, relative finger lengths, auditory system development

During a difficult task, a child gets angry and starts to get frustrated. What type of mindset does this child have?

fixed mindset

What is an example of discrimination?

another professor comes in and says the word 'classic' to us, but we do not have the same response as we would when Tausen does. We are discriminating against other people who say that word--Tausen is the only one who elicits the salivation response

What is an example of generalization?

another professor could come in and say the word 'classic' to us and if you have the same response to that word by salivating, then you have generalized or have a more broadened net of how you respond

Pavlov demonstrated ___________ learning via salivary conditioning

associative

Stereotype threat may impair ___________, ______________, and _____________

attention; performance; learning

What is a conditioned response?

automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus

Four effortful processing strategies include: ___________, ____________, ____________ & ____________

chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies, peg system

The ______________ bias often fuels belief perseverance which is _________________

confirmation; the tendency of our beliefs to persist

According to Weber's Law, in order to detect a difference between two stimuli they must differ by a ______________ ______________ ______________

constant minimum percentage

What are the four motivation theories discussed in class?

instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, maslow's hierarchy of needs

What is Sternberg's triarchic theory?

intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical

Classical conditioning works through ________________ ________________ __________________

learning through association

What is an example of insight?

little boy getting the bird out of the wall

_______ -_________ memory is relatively limitless in 'storage' space and 'storage' length

long-term

What is intelligence?

mental potential to learn from experience, to solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

What is Perception?

mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory input from experience and expectations

What studies illustrate the overlap between emotional pain and physical pain?

might be able to treat emotional pain with things like tylenol and be able to experience a duller sense of the pain; can use tylenol for physical pain as well

________________ _________________ are thought to be one neural component that facilitate imitation and observational learning

mirror neurons

What are some applications (prosocial effects) of observational learning?

modeling nonviolent behavior prompts similar behavior in others; viewing prosocial media increased later helping behavior

What are the limits on operant conditioning?

nature limits species' capacity for operant conditioning; biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive

What is an example of drive-reduction theory?

need for water; drive for thirst

What is motivation?

need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

General intelligence is based on _______ factor

one

____________ ______________ works through consequences

operant conditioning

Creative ideas must be both ____________ and ______________

original; appropriate/useful

______________ is associated with the pain of being shut out

ostracism

What is the summary of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

When using mental imagery to prepare for a future event, ______________ simulation tends to be more effective than _______________ simulation

outcome; process

What are the anterograde amnesia studies that demonstrate the two-track mind?

patients have no idea their home is their home, but if they were to go to the bathroom, they would know how to get there, because there's a sense of familiarity

____________ ______________ are mental tendencies and assumptions that affect (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel and see

perceptual sets

According to the ___________ _________ ____________, using images enhances memory compared to words alone

picture superiority effect

__________ punishment adds ___________ punishment removes

positive; negative

_______________ reinforcement adds ___________ reinforcement removes

positive; negative

What is Spearman's general intelligence?

predicts our abilities in varied academic areas

What is positive punishment?

presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future

What is a conditioned stimulus?

previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

Subliminal messages may ___________________, but they don't __________ ____________ ____________

prime; produce lasting change

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

priority of some needs over others

What is Sensation?

process by which the physical sensory system receives and represents stimuli at the very basic level of sensory receptors and works

What are the key components to operant conditioning?

punishment and reinforcement

In the Lemonade example, the unconditioned stimulus was _________, and the neutral stimulus was ___________

putting lemonade powder in our mouth when Tausen said 'classic'; the word 'classic'

Were remember more than we can ________

recall

Babies first develop _____________ language; then they develop _______________ language

receptive; productive

Multiple choice tests use _________; fill in the blank tests force you to __________

recognition; recall

Memories are not replayed, they are _____________

reconstructed

What is negative punishment?

removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in reducing the behavior in the future

What is drive-reduction theory?

responses to inner pushes

What is the Law of Effect?

rewarded behavior is likely to occur

What is arousal theory?

right levels of stimulation

What are the myths about the psychological influences on sexual orientation?

same sex orientation is linked to problems in child-parent relationships; same sex orientation involves hatred or fear of people of the other sex; same sex orientation is dependent on being molested, seduced or otherwise sexually victimized by gay adult

What is an example of synesthesia?

see the number 6, but also hears a sound that is correlated to that number as well, so they are seeing and hearing the number 6

Relating new material to you personally helps you take advantage of the __________ ___________ ____________ effect, which helps you process information on a deeper level that is more likely to be retained

self reference memory

_____________ is bottom-up; ____________ is top down

sensation; perception

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of repeated stimulation is _________________ ___________________

sensory adaptation

What is Bottom-up processing?

sensory analysis that begins at the entry level, with information flowing from the sensory receptors to the brain

________ -__________ memory lasts only a matter of seconds

short-term

What example did we use in class to describe absolute threshold?

sprayed two squirts of perfume in the room, some people smelled it, others didn't--because it was below their threshold

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

stimulus that unconditionally triggers an unconditioned response

What is an example of negative punishment?

taking away screen time for a child while babysitting; parents taking away car keys

What is an example of a perceptual set?

the Lochness Monster image is perceived as the Lochness monster but is actually a tree branch; if you haven't heard of the lichens monster, then you would normally see a tree branch in the water but if you have heard of that monster, then people will see more of a dinosaur shape

What is the extinction stage of classical conditioning?

the diminishing of a conditioned response

What are some examples of context effects?

"...eel is on the wagon" or "...eel is on the orange", people fill in post talk, go back in and edit what they think they've heard; see a cop holding something up and automatically assuming it to be a speed checker when it could be a hairdryer or something else

in what month does an infant exhibit babbling resembling household language ("ma-ma")

10

In what month does an infant exhibit the one word stage ("kitty!")?

12

In what month does an infant exhibit two-word speech ("get ball")?

24

When does an infant have rapid development into complete sentences?

24+

Psychological surveys indicate that approximately _________ % of men and __________ % of women are exclusively homosexual

3-4; 2

Around what month do infants start to understand language?

4

At what age does level of intelligence and performance levels tend to be indicative of being 'gifted' later in life?

4/5/6

The IQ test is not the most widely used intelligence test today; the ___________ ___________ scale is

Wechsler Adult (WAIS)

What is an unconditioned response?

an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

Cognition involves mental activities associated with ______________, knowing, ____________, & ________________

thinking; remembering; communicating

What is an example of sensory adaptation?

you can't get into a hot tub at first because it's so hot, but over time, your senses adapt to it and we no longer are feeling those heat sensations

_________ amnesia is the inability to form new memories; ___________ amnesia is the inability to recall old memories

Anterograde; Retrograde

Who was the psychologist who studied operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

T/F: Psychologists do not consder affiliation needs to be a basic, fundamental, and that without it, there won't be a negative impact psychologically

F

T/F: When people are ostracized, their brains do not activate in the same area where sensations of pain are activated

F

Match: Deepest form of memory middle shallowest form of memory, relearning recall recognition

Deepest form: Recall Middle: Recognition Shallowest form: Relearning

_______________ thinking expands options, _________________ narrows options

Divergent; Convergent

Often times, individuals are wrong when it comes to identifying people in a line up; they will select an individual in the lineup even when the person who committed the crime isn't in the lineup. People will think they're picking the right person, rather than saying I'm not sure. What is this an example of?

Eyewitness Recall

T/F: Black students performed better when reminded of their race before the test

F

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

If you want your kid to eat their vegetables, instead of nagging all the time, you could stop nagging and the higher the likelihood they would eat their vegetables

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

If you want your kid to eat their vegetables, you could offer an ice cream sundae, so they would know every time they ate their broccoli, they would get a sundae

What is an example of subliminal messaged priming, but not producing lasting change?

Lipton Tea study--presenting the image of the tea to individuals, but found it could make them more prone to buy this brand, but only if they were intending to buy tea

What is an example of shaping?

Sheldon tries to get Penny to perform behaviors he wants her to do rather than behaviors he doesn't like. Every time she does a behavior that Sheldon likes, he offers her a chocolate

T/F: Women do not perform on difficult math tests as well as men unless told women usually do as well on the test

T

T/F: when the monkey plays with an object their motor cortex shows how the neurons were firing. These same neurons and area of the brain light up when the monkey WATCHES this action

T

T/F: memories can switch from effortful, explicit to automatic, implicit

True

What is an example of the difference threshold in having to use a constant minimum percentage?

You don't notice the new haircuts from longer hair because it's not 50% of the hair that was already there (Brad Pitt cut vs. Jennifer Aniston trim).

What is an example of observational learning through acquisition?

a child learning violence through watching a video

What is a neutral stimulus?

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Detection of a stimuli 50% of the time is the criteria for an _____________________ _____________________

absolute threshold

What are some applications (antisocial effects) of observational learning?

abusive parents may have aggressive children; watching TV and videos may teach children certain things

A psychology exam is an ___________ test; the SAT is an ___________ test

achievement; aptitude

Observational learning works through ________________ of mental information

acquisition

What are the uses of classical conditioning?

addicts are counseled to avoid stimuli that may trigger cravings; treat phobias

With an ______________ you will always find the answer to a problem; with a ________________ you are more prone to error in problem solving

algorithm; heuristic

I am as smart as I ____________ I __________ _____

believe; can be

Sexual orientation is _____________ influenced

biologically

What is the acquisition stage of classical conditioning?

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

What is Discrimination?

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli

What is the spontaneous recovery stage of classical conditioning? Does it always happen?

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response; no

What is an example of memories influenced by context?

the room you learn information in is the room that will be easiest for you to recall the information you learned in it

What is generalization?

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

In order to perceive information from the environment, it must undergo a process of ____________________ where energy is converted from one form into another.

transduction

What is an example of something that is below our absolute threshold?

ultraviolet light

Framing sways decisions and judgments by influencing the way an issue is posed. It can also influence beneficial decisions. Why?

we make more decisions based on how we feel; whether or not we have faith in retirement or organ donation

What are some examples of how motivation and emotion can influence perception?

when people are angry, they're more susceptible to perceiving neutral objects as weapons; people listening to sad songs and ask them to write out 'pain' or 'die', they're more likely to use those spellings rather than pane or dye

What is Absolute Threshold?

where you cross over the boundary of the possibility you'll be able to sense an item in your environment

What was the Little Albert experiment?

wondered if they could classically condition fear; paired white rat/furry creatures with loud noises (already fearful of loud noises) to see if Albert would be scared of the animals after being exposed to the pairing

What is Thurston's primary mental abilities?

word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, indicative reasoning, and memory

What is an example of the aha moment?

word puzzle games -- (Book)Club, (Book)Worm, (Book)Shelf: Book