Psychology Exam 2 Ch.5,6,8

lower, higher

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. Select one: a. longer; shorter b. lower; higher c. higher; lower d.shorter; longer

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Select one: a. reflexes b. learning c. conditioning d. instincts

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What is described by the concept of perception? a.what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor b.how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced c. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts d. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. Select one: a. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information b. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color c. short-term memory itself has different forms d. happy memories are processed better than sad memories

left; right

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain. Select one: a. left; right b. right; left c. left; left d. right; right

semantic

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. Select one: a. acoustic b. visual c. sensory d. semantic

encoding failure

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. Select one: a. effortful processing b. encoding failure c. effortless processing d. enigmatic processing

negative reinforcment

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. negative punishment c. positive punishment d. positive reinforcement

thinking about the meaning of the new info

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. Select one: a. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it b. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory c. immediately applying new information to a practical problem d. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

chunking

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. persistence b. chunking c. mnemonic device d. elaborative rehearsal

variable interval

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. variable ratio b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. fixed interval

amygdala

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? Select one: a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. prefrontal cortex

stimulus discrimination

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. Select one: a. stimulus generalization b. unconditioned response c. stimulus discrimination d. conditioned response

increases

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. Select one: a. decreases b. is not affected c. increases d.depends on the CS-UCS relationship

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). Select one: a. conditioned stimulus b. conditioned response c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. Select one: a. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response b. neutral stimulus and a neutral response c. neutral response and a conditioned response d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Select one: a. punishment b. negative reinforcement c. punishment reinforcement d. positive reinforcement

punishment

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? Select one: a. extinction b. recovery c. punishment d. acquisition

rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. Select one: a. rehearsal b. relearning c. declarative memory d. hyperthymesia

blindness

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. Select one: a. sublimation b. blindness c. transduction d. responsiveness

latent

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. Select one: a. partial b. conditioned c. primary d. latent

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. Select one: a. observational b. Pavlovian c. latent d. vicarious

conditioned stimulus

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a ________. Select one: a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

it can happen in the process

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. Select one: a. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories b. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory c. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant d. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up

cones

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? Select one: a. fovea b. rods c. cones d. lens

your first day of school

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. Select one: a. your first day of school b. what the word January means c. how to use the microwave d. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself

adaptation

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. Select one: a. adaptation b. formation c. revision d. regression

Attention

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. Select one: a. friendship b. attention c. habit d. mood

perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and sterotypes

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? Select one: a. Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background. b. Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race. c. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes. d. Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate.

muller-lyer

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. Select one: a. Müller-Lyer b. Meissner c. Ménière d. Merkel

rods

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? Select one: a. rods b. cones c. iris d. fovea

semantic and episodic

What are the two components of declarative memory? Select one: a. semantic and episodic b. procedural and implicit c. short-term and long-term d. implicit and explicit

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

What is procedural memory? Select one: a. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts b. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things c. information about events we have personally experienced d. storage of facts and events we personally experienced

knowledge about words, concepts, and language

What is semantic memory? Select one: a. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts b. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things c. information about events we have personally experienced d. storage of facts and events we personally experienced

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Select one: a. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. b. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. c. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay. d. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

behavior is motivated

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Select one: a. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. b. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. c. Fear is a conditioned response. d. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? Select one: a. procedural b. recall c. effortful d. sensory

Bottom-up

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeño quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapeños, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." Select one: a. sensory adaptation b. bottom-up c. top-down d. vertical-horizontal

top-down

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. Select one: a.top-first b. bottom-up c. bottom-down d. top-down

the word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts." Select one: a. The word "tenet" should be changed to the word "claim." b. The word "central" should be changed to the word "primary." c. The word "sum" should be changed to the word "components." d. The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."

the word operant should be changed to the word classical

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. Select one: a. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely." b.The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." c.The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." d. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never."

change the word transitional to the word sensory

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Select one: a. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" b. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" c. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory" d. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter"

Afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? Select one: a. afterimage b. fovea c. preimage d. monocular

explicit memories

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? Select one: a. sensory memories b. implicit memories c. short-term memories d. explicit memories

retrograde, anterograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. Select one: a. anterograde; retrograde b. flashbulb; retro-antero c. retrograde; anterograde d. antero-retro; flashbulb

recognition

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. Select one: a. encoding b. recognition c. storage d. the Stroop effect

just noticeable

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? a. just noticeable b. subliminal c. signal detection d. top down

smelling cooking in the oven

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? Select one: a. tasting white chocolate fudge b. feeling the warmth of the sun c. smelling cookies in the oven d.hearing an airplane fly overhead

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 pm

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores b. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. c. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day d. playing poker

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? Select one: a. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl b. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener c. when a dog refuses to play dead d. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

extinction

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? Select one: a. reflex b. recovery c. extinction d. acquisition

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Select one: a. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. b. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. c. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. d. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime.

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? Select one: a. hippocampus b. primary cortex c. cerebellum d. amygdala

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? Select one: a. reinforcement b. learning c. shaping d. acquisition

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? Select one: a. absolute threshold b. top-down c. signal detection d. subliminal

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. variable interval b. fixed ratio c. variable ratio d. fixed interval

transduction

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. just noticeable difference b. subliminal messaging c. transduction d. top-down processing

perception sensation

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. Select one: a. perception; sensation b. perception; reception c. preception; postception d. sensation; perception

high; low

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. Select one: a. truncated; high b. condensed; sharp c. low; high d. high; low Feedback