Psychology Exam 2
negative reinforcement
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ___.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal involves ___.
chunking
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ___.
latent
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ___ learning.
observational
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ___ learning.
encoding failure
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ___, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
lower; higher
Longer wavelengths will have ___ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ___ frequencies.
conditioned stimulus
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a ___.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
People may not intend to distort facts, but ___.
cones
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be the most useful during this experiment?
your first day of school
Remembering ___ is a good example of episodic memory.
semantic
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ___ encoding.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ___.
left; right
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ___ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ___ side of the brain.
sensory
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
variable interval
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
amygdala
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
stimulus discrimination
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ___.
increases
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ___.
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the ___ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (the stimulus).
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ___ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
punishment
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
rehearsal
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ___.
blindness
Inattentional ___ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.
adaptation
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ___.
attention
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ___ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes
Several studies have suggested that non-black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a black person. What does this imply about perception?
Muller-Lyer
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ___ illusion.
rods
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows - the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
semantic and episodic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
just noticeable
What describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
What is described by the concept of perception?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
What is procedural memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
What is semantic memory?
if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
bottom-up
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on - a raising jalepeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raising, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
top-down
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish, I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
the word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together."
the word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
afterimage
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
explicit memories
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
retrograde; anterograde
When experiencing ___ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ___ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
recognition
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ___, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
smelling cookies in the oven
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00pm
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
extinction
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
shaping
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximation of a target behavior?
top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 15-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
transduction
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ___.
perception; sensation
___ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ___ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
high; low
___-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ___-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.
