Psychology - Exam 3 Practice Questions

When an epidemiologist investigates the "incidence" of a disease, he or she is interested in ____________________________ in a given population during a specified time. a. the behavioral manifestations of the disease. b. the index (usually rate) of the total number of new cases identified c. the total number of people with a specific disease d. the mechanism by which the disease occurs

b. the index (usually rate) of the total number of new cases identified

Paul Ekman, who has conducted a number of studies of facial expressions associated with emotions, found that across cultures... a. on can identify three primary motive systems. b. there are six or seven fundamental emotions that most everyone agrees on. c. that there are too many different emotions to identify. d. expression of the same emotion varies.

b. there are six or seven fundamental emotions that most everyone agrees on.

Someone who has both intrinsic and extrinsic interest motivation in Psy 1001 probably... a. wants to learn for learning sake, and get a low grade in the class. b. wants to learn the content and get a good grade in the class. c. wants to learn the content for learning sake. d. wants to get an A+ but doesn't care about learning.

b. wants to learn the content and get a good grade in the class.

Which experimental task illustrates the concept of egocentrism? a. Wynn paradigm b. A not B task c. 3-mountain problem d. Conservation

c. 3-mountain problem

What is a postreinforcement pause? a. An increase in our responding after we achieve an important milestone. b. A gradual decrease in behavior that we are not motivated to do. c. A dip that we tend to show in our behavior when we have just received a reward. d. A plateau in our behavior.

c. A dip that we tend to show in our behavior when we have just received a reward.

What is a habit? a. A habit is a deliberative action b. A habit is a bad behavior you can't stop doing. c. A habit is an automatic action on cue. d. A habit is having high motivation.

c. A habit is an automatic action on cue.

Bella, a high school girl, has a crush on Edward, but struggles socially. Based on research presented in the lecture, what would a child psychologist predict for Bella's adult romantic relationships? a. Bella's romantic relationship with Edward is practice for developing healthy adult romantic relationships. b. Bella's passionate romantic relationship as a teenager predicts passionate adult romantic relationships. c. Bella lacks social competence which predicts that her adult romantic relationships will be less stable and trusting. d. Bella's passionate teen relationship with Edward is unrelated to the kind of romantic relationships she will form as an adult.

c. Bella lacks social competence which predicts that her adult romantic relationships will be less stable and trusting.

Which factor seems to play the largest role in determining our happiness? a. gratitude b. intentional activities c. happiness set point d. life circumstances

c. happiness set point

The practice of ______________, noticing the things you feel thankful for, is one way you can _________________ influence your level of happiness. a. meditation, intentionally b. gratitude, unintentionally c. gratitude, intentionally d. meditation, unintentionally

c. gratitude, intentionally

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's stages of development? a. Formal operations b. Concrete operational c. Preoperational d. Sensorimotor

d. Sensorimotor

Emotion sesponses have three aspects: feelings, autonomic responses and somatic responses. Which of the following would describe Jada's somatic response when she realized that she had totally forgotten a Psy 1001 exam last week. a. Her palms were sweaty. b. She was sick to her stomach with fear. c. She started trembling. d. She called home to get reassurance.

d. She called home to get reassurance.

According to a study described in the lecture, which of the following is correlated with the volume of the hippocampus ten years later? a. years of parental education b. parental income c. attendance at pre-school d. supportive/hostile parenting styles

d. supportive/hostile parenting styles

If Oscar wants to maintain his healthy eating habits over the course of his lifetime, which of the following schedules of reinforcement would be best to use? a. fixed-interval b. fixed-ratio c. variable-ratio d. continuous

?

When compared to DSM-IV, the definition of Autism in DSM-V ____? a. Made Asperger's a separate syndrome and collapsed the definition of autism. b. Included Rett's syndrome and expanded the definition of autism. c. No longer included Rett's syndrome and expanded the definition of autism. d. No longer included Rett's syndrome and collapsed the definition of autism.

(not b or a) ?

The cognitive process that Piaget called accommodation occurs when... a. people show cognitive flexibility when confronted with more than one variable. b. people adapt to changes in their environments by learning new skills. c. someone changes how they think about the world based on their new experiences. d. someone thinks of new experiences in terms of his or her previous experiences.

?

Which of these is an example of a measure that a Developmental Psychologist may use? a. Dependent variable b. Interactions among dyads c. Post-hoc fallacy d. Random assignment

?

What is the best example of prevalence? a. The total number of people with Covid-19 in a state population. b. The importance of Covid-19 on the overall economy of the world c. The rate of change of Covid-19 cases over the past two months. d. An incomplete, unspecific list of people with Covid-19.

? (not c)

Choose the statement that is NOT correct. Current prevalence of PTSD is 25% of the population. Most individuals who experience a traumatic event will not go on to develop PTSD. Lifetime prevalence of PTSD for survivors of interpersonal violence is 50% Lifetime prevalence of PTSD is between 1.9% and 8.8%.

Current prevalence of PTSD is 25% of the population.

The ____________ approach to studying emotions focuses on aspects of emotions that are consistent across different emotions, such as how pleasant the emotion feels. a. posititve b. dimensional c. discrete d. categorical

b. dimensional

What is egocentrism? a. Tendency to center on oneself or one's own point of view. b. Understanding that others can have knowledge, beliefs, desires, intentions, or perspectives that differ from one's own. c. Knowledge that number or amount may stay the same despite changes in appearance. d. Believing false beliefs.

a. Tendency to center on oneself or one's own point of view.

This is the first stage in which children can pass conservation tasks. a. Concrete operational b. Preoperational c. Formal operational d. Sensorimotor

a. Concrete operational

__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences. a. Cross-sectional b. Sequential c. Cross-sequential d. Sectional

a. Cross-sectional

How does operant conditioning relate to motivation? a. Cues can trigger behaviors through a strong habit. b. Changing the reliability of the outcome does not change motivation for the behavior. c. Changing the frequency of the outcome does not change motivation for the behavior. d. Operant behavior happens whether we desire the outcome or not.

a. Cues can trigger behaviors through a strong habit.

Mary Jane moved when she was in 7th grade because her parents got divorced. Which type of stressor did she experience? a. Major life event b. Catastrophic event c. Daily hassle d. Shift in routine

a. Major life event

Myrua is participating in a research study. She has good mental health and shows no evidence of psychopathy. An electrode is placed on her orbicularis oculi muscle (the little muscle above the eyebrow) to record the slightest startle response movement. Then she is shown the International Affective Picture set. Every so often, she is startled by a loud sound. What will happen to Myrua's startle response when she is viewing images that are high arousal and pleasant? a. Myrua's startle response will be lower than in neutral condition. b. Myrua's startle response will be greater than in a neutral condition. c. Myrua's startle response will resemble her response in a neutral condition. d. Myrua will not have a startle response in this condition.

a. Myrua's startle response will be lower than in neutral condition.

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view is known as _________________. a. Object permanence b. Accommodation c. Egocentrism d. Conservation

a. Object permanence

Getting a drinking ticket when you are 19 years old is an outcome that could be labeled as a ... a. Positive punishment b. Negative reinforcement c. Negative punishment d. Positive reinforcement

a. Positive punishment

Are punishments effective overall? a. Sometimes b. Always c. Never d. We don't have the data to answer this question yet.

a. Sometimes

Why did baby geese follow Konrad Lorenz? a. They became imprinted because he was the first thing they saw at birth. b. He used a scent that smelled like the mother goose. c. He dressed up to look like the mother goose. d. He rewarded them with treats.

a. They became imprinted because he was the first thing they saw at birth.

Gina wants a glass of milk but all the glasses are in the sink waiting to be washed. She finds a clean empty fruit jar and pours milk into it. Gina was able to help herself by altering her idea of "glass" to something more compatible with experience in the process known as __________________. a. accommodation b. desensitization c. assimilation hd. abituation

a. accommodation

Three-year old children think Barney, the dinosaur, is real. By the time they are eight, they have come to regard Barney as something for babies. Now they understand that dinosaurs existed long ago. Thus, somewhere between three and eight, children have modified their mental models of the world to fit their new knowledge in the process Piaget calls _________________. a. accommodation b. centration c. conservation d. assimilation

a. accommodation

Yamka hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. a. alarm phase b. exhaustion phase c. resistance phase d. chronic stress phase

a. alarm phase

A development psychologist wants to study the influences that affect the outcomes of Minnesota children. For example, one of the participants in her study is Sofia who grew up in Minnesota, and is the daughter of Mexican immigrants. Sofia is healthy, bright and outgoing. Her family has taught Sofia to value work and self-discipline. Although some of Sofia's extended family members and neighbors worry about the cost of college, she thinks it will be worth it. In order to better understand all the influences that affect Sofia's decision to attend college the developmental psychologist will __________________________________. a. apply the Post-Hoc fallacy b. use factor analysis c. focus on the genetics of Sofia's personality d. take a "cells to society" approach

a. apply the Post-Hoc fallacy

Research indicates that, across cultures, people usually identify six basic emotions when looking at facial cues in photographs. Which of the following is NOT one of those six emotions? a. contentment b. fear c. happiness d. anger

a. contentment

Hostility is a significant predictor of ________. a. coronary heart disease b. cancer c. respiratory illnesses d. mental illness

a. coronary heart disease

If a clinician were to focus on the biological aspect of the biopsychosocial development of eating disorders, they would likely want to know about a patient's _____. a. family history of eating disorders b. friends and their attitudes toward thinness c. media consumption habits d. tendency toward perfectionism

a. family history of eating disorders

Which of the following are basic emotions that people can usually identify in photographs, according to Ekman? a. happiness, sadness, surprise b. love, happiness, disgust c. sadness, remorse, fear d. fear, anger, disappointment

a. happiness, sadness, surprise

A research study follows a group of children as they develop, and gives them surveys at age 5, age 10, and age 15. What is the design of this study? a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. maturational d. observational

a. longitudinal

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. sequential d. continuous

a. longitudinal

One statistical procedure allows researchers to aggregate the findings of many similar studies. In this procedure, known as ______________________, results are weighted by sample size and then averaged across studies. a. meta-analysis b. the strange situation test c. factor analysis d. structural equation modeling

a. meta-analysis

The lecturer said that we can change the _______________________ for a behavior by changing the frequency or reliability of the ________________. a. motivation, outcome b. instinct, outcome c. instinct, cue d. motivation, cue

a. motivation, outcome

In operant conditioning, the __________________ are what gets noticed and what shapes our future behavior. a. outcomes b. emotions c. actions d. triggers

a. outcomes

When four-year-old Edith imitated her father by swearing, her mother turned toward Edith and laughed. Edith liked this attention, so Edith will probably use these words more in the future. Edith is learning to swear like her father through the process of: a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

a. positive reinforcement.

A younger child (~2-7 years old) child in the ___________________ stage of development may not pass a false beliefs task. However, older children (>7 years old) can typically pass the false beliefs task. a. preoperational b. sensorimotor stage c. formal operations d. concrete operations

a. preoperational

Priscilla, the very cute dog, has learned to jump the fence that encloses her human's garden. She has been doing it more and more often. She doesn't like the fenced yard, and when she escapes, she enjoys her freedom to explore the neighborhood, greet other dogs and chase squirrels. Evidently, Priscilla has learned to escape from her fenced yard through ______________. a. reinforcement b. punishment c. acquisition d. observational learning

a. reinforcement

Ben has a lot to do, but they also believe that they have the ability to manage the stress. Ben's assessment that they can manage the stress is a __________________ appraisal. a. secondary b. upward comparison c. present control d. primary

a. secondary

According to meta-analysis, the relationship between childhood attachment style and peer relationships in childhood _____________________. a. strengthens as children grow b. does not exist c. is mediated by SES d. weakens as children age

a. strengthens as children grow

Developmental Psychologists use measures at different levels of analysis. When Dr Gunnar collects spit sample to measure levels of the hormone, cortisol, in response to stress, which level of analysis is she using? a. systems level measures b. cultural measure c. school and neighborhood level measures d. behavioral level measures

a. systems level measures

The increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism has occurred for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______________________. a. the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines b. lower age at diagnosis c. diagnostic substitution d. changes in diagnostic criteria

a. the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines

What should a psychologist test to determine whether a given child is in the concrete-operations stage or the formal-operations stage? a. whether the child can answer abstract and hypothetical questions b. whether the child reaches around a barrier to retrieve a hidden toy c. whether the child can distinguish between appearance and reality d. whether the child understands that an object maintains its weight and volume after its shape changes

a. whether the child can answer abstract and hypothetical questions

Which experimental task illustrates the concept of egocentrism? a. A not B task b. 3-mountain problem c. Wynn paradigm d. Conservation

b. 3-mountain problem

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children? a. Permissive b. Authoritative c. Uninvolved d. Authoritarian

b. Authoritative

Babafemi is participating in a research study. He has good mental health and shows no evidence of psychopathy. An electrode is placed on his orbicularis oculi muscle to record the slightest startle response movement. Then he is shown pictures from the International Affective Picture Set. What will happen to Babafemi's startle response when he is viewing images that are high arousal and unpleasant? a. Babafemi will not have a startle response in this condition. b. Babafemi's startle response will be greater than in a neutral condition. c. Babafemi's startle response will resemble his response in a neutral condition. d. Babafemi's startle response will be lower than in neutral condition.

b. Babafemi's startle response will be greater than in a neutral condition.

Language impairment, intellectual disability and hyperactivity are _________________. a. Symptoms required for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. b. Behavioral and cognitive features that are sometimes found in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. c. Symptoms that exclude a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder d. Quantitative traits that are normally distributed in the population.

b. Behavioral and cognitive features that are sometimes found in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.

Which of the following is true? a. Only positive life events can be stressful b. Both positive and negative life events can be stressful c. Only negative life events can be stressful d. Neither positive nor negative life events can be stressful

b. Both positive and negative life events can be stressful

The proposal that emotions serve to keep humans alive long enough to reproduce and form relationships that ensure the survival of offspring was first made by ___________________. a. Paul Ekman b. Charles Darwin c. Francis Galton d. Kurt Lewin

b. Charles Darwin

When studying bullying, researchers are faced with a question of what came first. Do a child's psychosocial problems make him or her more vulnerable to bullying or does being bullied cause mental health problems? What has research found? a. Child Psychologists have not been able to find consistent results yet. b. Child Psychologists find strong evidence that being bullied increases emotional problems. c. Child psychologists find that children with psychosocial problems are more likely to be bullied. d. Child psychologists find no long term consequences for bullied children.

b. Child Psychologists find strong evidence that being bullied increases emotional problems.

The research question, "Compared to babies who are insecurely attached, do babies who are securely attached produce less cortisol when stressed?" would be of particular interest to a _____________________________________. a. Health Psychologist b. Developmental Psychologist c. Personality Psychologist d. Biological Psychologist

b. Developmental Psychologist

What role does dopamine play in learning? a. Dopamine signals that something bad has occurred. b. Dopamine signals that something surprising has occurred. c. Dopamine does not play a role in learning. d. Dopamine aids in memory.

b. Dopamine signals that something surprising has occurred.

If a loud noise frightens a 3 year old child with a secure attachment to an adult, what is a behavior that she is likely to exhibit? a. Yelling out in distress b. Running to the adult for security c. Finding a stranger to talk to d. Ignoring comfort

b. Running to the adult for security

Aisha's parents disprove of dating. She has lots of good friends in her high school, but she wonders if not having romantic relationships in high school will affect her adult romantic relationships. What does research find? a. Romantic relationship quality as a teenager predicts romantic relationship quality as an adult so Aisha may have some rough times ahead. b. General social competence is what predicts healthy adult relationships so Aisha is going to be fine. c. Since having many romantic partners as an adolescent predicts better romantic relationships as an adult, Aisha's family may be hindering her future happiness. d. Aisha has a secure relationship with her parents, and that is the most important predictor of adult relationship quality.

b. General social competence is what predicts healthy adult relationships so Aisha is going to be fine.

Jayden has decided that he wants to start going to bed earlier, so he wants to come up with effective cues to help him develop this habit. Which of the following cues would be effective ways for Jayden to go to bed earlier? a. Looking at his phone as a cue for when it's time to get ready for bed. b. Having a cup of chamomile tea in the evening as a cue for when it's time to get ready for bed. c. Setting a loud alarm as a cue for when it's time to get ready for bed. d. Turning on his bedroom light switch as a cue for when it's time to get ready for bed.

b. Having a cup of chamomile tea in the evening as a cue for when it's time to get ready for bed.

Why could the ability to run a paper route be important in predicting future success? a. It has the potential to show cultural learning b. It has the potential to show personality traits such as grit or persistence c. It has the potential to show cognitive ability d. It has the potential to show socioeconomic status

b. It has the potential to show personality traits such as grit or persistence

Which of the following is TRUE? a. Punishment works well for most animals, but not humans. b. It is best to reinforce wanted behaviors. c. It is best to reinforce unwanted behaviors. d. Punishment tends to work really well for most people.

b. It is best to reinforce wanted behaviors.

Luby and colleagues looked at the factors mediating the effects of poverty on brain development. Children, aged 3 to 6 years old, completed a comprehensive developmental assessment when they were in preschool and were assessed again annually for the next 5 years. At the age of 11, the children's brains were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging to determine brain development. This study is an example of what kind of design? a. Experiment b. Longitudinal study c. Cross-sectional study d. Naturalistic observation

b. Longitudinal study

Which of the following is the best example of the "feelings" aspect of an emotional response? a . Cindy threw away Greg's letterman jacket because it reminded her of their recent break-up. b. Michelle told Barack that she was disgusted to discover spicy cheese on her sandwich. c. Laura screamed and flinched when she looked up and saw her sister's reflection in the mirror behind her. d. Tyler smiled when he found out his test grade was above the average in his PSY 1001 class.

b. Michelle told Barack that she was disgusted to discover spicy cheese on her sandwich.

When a child understands that the number of dots in a row is the same after the dots have been spaced farther apart, the child has left Piaget's _______________ stage. a. Formal operations b. Preoperational c. Concrete operations d. Sensorimotor

b. Preoperational

A researcher hides the baby's toy under a cloth in location A as the baby watches. The baby finds it easily. The researcher again hides the toy as the baby watches, again in location A. The baby finds it easily. Then the researcher hides the toy under a cloth in location B. Although the baby saw the toy hidden in location B, the baby still looks in location A. What does this show? a. The child has developed "theory of mind" b. The child has not yet fully developed object permanence. c. The child is egocentric. d. The baby lacks cognitive flexibility.

b. The child has not yet fully developed object permanence.

Which of the following would best illustrate what is meant by the "incidence" of autism? a. Instead of 1 in 80 (or 1.25 percent), researchers now estimate that 1 in 45 (or 2.24 percent) children have been diagnosed with autism. b. The number of new cases of autism in Saint Paul is two times higher today than in 2007. c. About one percent of the world's population is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. d. About 15 children in 1000 were diagnosed with autism in 2012.

b. The number of new cases of autism in Saint Paul is two times higher today than in 2007.

Which of the following is true about treatments for traumatic events? a, Currently, there are novevidence-based treatments for PTSD. b. There are several different evidence-based treatments for PTSD. c. Community debriefing immediately after a traumatic event is helpful. d. Group debriefing immediately after a traumatic event is helpful.

b. There are several different evidence-based treatments for PTSD.

Bob wants to train Claudius, his boyfriend, to open doors for him. Claudius opened the door for himself once and Bob slipped in before him, giving him a kiss on the cheek and praising his manners. If Bob wants Claudius to always be eager to open doors, what type of schedule of kisses and praise should he use? a. Variable-interval b. Variable-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Fixed-ratio

b. Variable-ratio

An Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychologist is hired by the local company, Target, to improve productivity. Which of the following questions is the I/O psychologist LEAST likely to address? a. What leads to job satisfaction at Target? b. What health insurance and benefits should be offered to employees? c. What causes stress and burnout for employees? d. How should Target train, mentor, or develop people effectively?

b. What health insurance and benefits should be offered to employees?

A developmental psychologist wants to study the development of a child in the context of his or her family and neighborhood. They also want to consider the influence of institutions, such as schools and churches, on that child's development. In addition, since institutions are embedded in a larger social and cultural context, they also take account of these influences on the developing child. The terminology of Development Psychology would call this ________________________. a. the bidirectional influence b. a "cells to society" approach c. meta-analysis d. the Post-Hoc fallacy

b. a "cells to society" approach

Separation anxiety occurs across... a. in countries that have small families. b. all cultures. c. in the United States. d. in Eastern cultures.

b. all cultures.

Although certain core criteria are required for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, other behavioral, cognitive, genetic, and medical features are often seen in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. This pattern of behaviors and other features have led psychologists to ______________. a. conclude that autism is homogeneous and the search is on for the variables that predict the onset of ASD. b. argue that autism is heterogeneous and the search is on for more homogeneous subgroups. c. search for better data on the incidence of autism. d. search for explanations for the prevalence of autism.

b. argue that autism is heterogeneous and the search is on for more homogeneous subgroups.

If you were to meet a man from a nation you hadn't been to yet, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process--which involves absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures-- is known as: a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. disequilibrium. d. object permanence.

b. assimilation.

Given a cultural emphasis on obedience, elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a/an ________ style of teaching. a. permissive b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. uninvolved

b. authoritarian

Autism is now understood in all of the following ways EXCEPT _____________. a. autism has a biological basis b. autism is caused by maternal deprivation c. autism is characterized by heterogeneity d. autism is a quantitative trait normally distributed in the population

b. autism is caused by maternal deprivation

An investigator who uses a cross-sectional design: a. compares people from different cultures. b. examines different groups of people at a single time point. c. examines a single group of people at several time points. d. compares humans to other animal species.

b. examines different groups of people at a single time point.

Someone who wants to truly understand the content in Psy 1001 likely has... a. low intrinsic motivation to learn. b. high intrinsic motivation to learn. c. high extrinsic motivation to learn. d. low extrinsic motivation to learn.

b. high intrinsic motivation to learn.

Eva was very stressed and feeling constant anxiety. Recently she discovered an on-line game of Tetris, and soon she was playing for hours a day. While Eva plays Tetris, her anxiety is removed, or at least out of her awareness, and when she stops, the anxiety returns. Thus, Eva has learned to play Tetris through the mechanism of ________________________. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

b. negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, the __________________ are what gets noticed and what shapes our future behavior. a. emotions b. outcomes c. triggers d. actions

b. outcomes

The diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT ________________________. a. highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity of focus b. persistent social anxiety c. persistent deficits in social communication d. excessive adherence to routines

b. persistent social anxiety

As discussed in lecture, when comparing the blink response of psychopathic prisoners and normal subjects on IAPS images, researchers find that... a. psychopathic prisoners and normal subjects have the same blink response pattern to pleasant, neutral and unpleasant IAPS images. b. psychopathic prisoners have a weaker blink response to pleasant IAPS images. c. psychopathic prisoners have a stronger blink response to unpleasant IAPS images. d. psychopathic prisoners' blink response to unpleasant IAPS images resembles their blink response to pleasant images.

b. psychopathic prisoners have a weaker blink response to pleasant IAPS images. (check answer again)

Andrés, nine years old, loud and pushy, is disliked by most of his fourth-grade classmates. Very few of the kids in his class like him. A child psychologist, observing this pattern, would classify Andrés' peer status as ___________________. a. bullied b. rejected c. friendless d. neglected

b. rejected

Andrés, nine years old, loud and pushy, is disliked by most of his fourth-grade classmates. Very few of the kids in his class like him. A child psychologist, observing this pattern, would classify Andrés' peer status as ___________________. a. bullied b. rejected c. friendless d. neglected

b. rejected

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? a. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. b. Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer. c. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. d. Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.

c. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

According to behaviorists, why are children so dependent on their parents? a. Parents start to discipline their children at this age. b. This is when breastfeeding typically ends. c. Children have been rewarded for this behavior. d. Children's brains are developed by this age.

c. Children have been rewarded for this behavior.

The research question, "What is the impact of the parental education on brain development?" would be of particular interest to a _____________________________________. a. Biological Psychologist b. Health Psychologist c. Developmental Psychologist d. Personality Psychologist

c. Developmental Psychologist

Which of the following is a question that an Industrial Organizational psychologist would be most likely to address in his/her/their work? a. Where should we put our headquarters? b. What artwork should we put in the conference room? c. Do our teams function effectively? d. What food should we serve for lunch in the work cafeteria?

c. Do our teams function effectively?

________________ are another term for the cue-action association. This is also sometimes called "muscle memory." a. Motivation b. Outcomes c. Habits d. Cues

c. Habits

Which of the following best illustrates the adaptive value of emotion? a, Carrie has a vivid imagination and enjoys planning what she would do to survive an emergency. She knows just what she will do if she is ever chased by a bear or caught in a tsunami. b. Fabian chose to spank his son for disobeying because he thought it was important to show that behavior has consequences. c. Isabeau feels passionately about her baby. She thinks she would fight a wild lion to protect him. d. After her stroke, Dorothy stopped feeling fearful.

c. Isabeau feels passionately about her baby. She thinks she would fight a wild lion to protect him.

Developmental Psychologists use measures at different levels of analysis. When researchers look at how gene expression is changed in children that live in stressful environments, they are using which level of analysis? a. Behavioral level measures b. School and Neighborhood level measures c. Molecular level measures d. Systems level measures

c. Molecular level measures

Using this graph, which of the following conclusions is NOT supported by the Luby and colleagues (2013) study of the factors mediating the effects of family income on the size of a child's hippocampus? a. Stressful life events were negatively correlated with income and hippocampus volume. b. Supportive/hostile parenting style was positively associated with hippocampus volume. c. Parent education had the strongest correlation with hippocampus volume. d. Income to needs was strongly correlated with parental education.

c. Parent education had the strongest correlation with hippocampus volume.

Which of the following might serve as a positive punisher? a. Receiving extra credit points. b. Withholding compliments. c. Receiving a speeding ticket. d. Taking away a treat after dinner.

c. Receiving a speeding ticket.

Which of the following is true? a. Stress has the same effects of everybody. b. There isn't much you can do about feeling stressed. c. Some stress can be helpful. d. Only negative life events can be stressful.

c. Some stress can be helpful.

Which of the following is the best example of an autonomic aspect of an emotional response to an incident? a. After his girlfriend was fired, an angry programmer hacked the company computers and trashed six months worth of sales data. b. "I was terrified," Edwina commented as she described her recent car accident to a friend. c. The criminal got sweaty palms during the lie detector test when he was asked about what really happened last Thursday night. d. When Molly saw the flock of wild turkeys by Pioneer Hall, she smiled happily.

c. The criminal got sweaty palms during the lie detector test when he was asked about what really happened last Thursday night.

Which of the following is true? a. Most people develop PTSD from experiencing a traumatic event. b. Most people will never experience a traumatic event in their lifetime. c. Traumatic events are relatively common. d. Most trauma survivors have chronic problems for the rest of their life.

c. Traumatic events are relatively common.

In which situation is dopamine most likely to be released into the synapse? a. When you study for your exam b. When your friends come over to watch your weekly TV show c. When your friends surprise you with a birthday party d. When you brush your teeth

c. When your friends surprise you with a birthday party (maybe?)

According to lecture, emotions have three aspects: feelings, autonomic responses and somatic responses. Which of the following would describe Kitty's feelings response when she encountered a giant cockroach? a. I ran away as fast as I could! b. My heart was pounding, and I could scarcely breathe. c. Wow, that cockroach is disgusting! d. I grabbed my father's shoe to crush the giant cockroach.

c. Wow, that cockroach is disgusting!

Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder treatable? a. No, there are no evidence based treatments. b. No, only the passage of time helps. c. Yes, there are evidence based treatments. d. Yes, but only with medication.

c. Yes, there are evidence based treatments.

Although certain core criteria are required for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, other behavioral, cognitive, genetic, and medical features are often seen in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. This pattern of behaviors and other features have led psychologists to ______________. a. search for better data on the incidence of autism. b. search for explanations for the prevalence of autism. c. argue that autism is heterogeneous and the search is on for more homogeneous subgroups. d. conclude that autism is homogeneous and the search is on for the variables that predict the onset of ASD.

c. argue that autism is heterogeneous and the search is on for more homogeneous subgroups.

A two year-old child has become familiar with the names for cats and dogs. The first time she sees a rabbit hopping in the backyard, she exclaims "Kitty!" According to Piaget, the child is using the principle of ____________when she thinks of the new animal as being like the creatures she already knows. a. accommodation b. egocentrism c. assimilation d. conservation

c. assimilation

A feature that is associated with autism is that... a. the majority of children with autism exhibit savant skills such as calendar memory or the ability to calculate square roots. b. girls are four times more likely to develop autism than boys. c. boys are four times more likely to develop autism than girls. d. boys and girls develop autism at similar rates.

c. boys are four times more likely to develop autism than girls.

A/an __________ refers to a group of people who lived during the same time period. a. constituency b. age cluster c. cohort d. peer group

c. cohort

Dr. Nakamura is studying how activated or aroused people become when experiencing different emotions. This is in line with the _________ approach to studying emotions. a. discrete b. categorical c. dimensional d. posititve

c. dimensional

If a stressor goes on for too long, a human being will likely fall into a state of... a. alarm. b. resistance. c. exhaustion. d. coping.

c. exhaustion.

The three most common forms of PTSD treatment all force you to... a. forget the experience. b. change the trauma. c. face the trauma. d. avoid the trauma.

c. face the trauma.

Imagine that the University of Minnesota introduces a radically new kind of grading system. Now, when you take a class, every minute that you spend reading and preparing for that class can be recorded accurately. For each ten minutes you spend studying, you earn a point. You can accumulate as many points as you want just by spending more time studying for class. At the end of the semester, your grade will be based on how much time you have spent studying. This radical grading system is based on what kind of reinforcement schedule? a. variable-interval b. fixed-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-ratio

c. fixed-interval

Which is the correct order of the following factors, from most to least impactful, that can impact levels of happiness? a. intentional activities, life circumstances, happiness set point b. life circumstances, intentional activities, happiness set point c. happiness set point, intentional activities, life circumstances d. life circumstances, happiness set point, intentional activities

c. happiness set point, intentional activities, life circumstances

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to the lecture, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that... a. he said, "I am so happy to see you." b. his heart rate decreased. c. he gave her a big smile. d. he felt relief.

c. he gave her a big smile.

As biologist Konrad Lorenz described, goslings will bond with the first moving object that they encounter after hatching and follow it everywhere. This form of bonding is known as ______________. a. contact comfort b. attachment c. imprinting d. scaffolding

c. imprinting

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,... a. homeostasis is maintained b. transduction begins c. the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones d. neurotransmitter levels drop

c. is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

How can habits be useful? a. Habits can keep us from interacting too much. b. The outcome habits produce is the best outcome. c. Habits easily adapt to new environments and new goals. d. Habits let us think about other things.

d. Habits let us think about other things.

Camile, eight years old, is neither liked nor disliked by her 3rd grade classmates. It is as if she just isn't there as far as her classmates are concerned. A child psychologist, observing this pattern, would classify Camile's peer status as ___________________. a. friendless b. rejected c. neglected d. bullied

c. neglected

What type of learning means learning TWO associations? a. classical conditioning b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. social learning

c. operant conditioning

Danny initially looked at the amount of Chemistry homework with fear and dread. But, he decided to instead look at the task as a challenge. This is an example of... a. present control b. downward comparison c. positive reappraisal d. past control

c. positive reappraisal

A feature associated with Autism, but not among the core symptoms required for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is ___________. a. impaired social communication and interaction b. restricted/repetitive behavior c. seizure disorder d. deficits in social reciprocity

c. seizure disorder

As discussed in lecture, the blink response of individuals diagnosed as psychopaths has been measured on IAPS images rated as pleasant, neutral or unpleasant. The researchers found that, compared to normal subjects, psychopaths.... a. show an elevated startle response to all unpleasant images b. show an elevated startle response to pleasant images c. show a higher startle response to neutral pictures compared to pleasant pictures d. have an elevated startle response to images of mutilation but are otherwise comparable to normal subjects

c. show a higher startle response to neutral pictures compared to pleasant pictures

Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. a. lenient; slow b. lenient; quick c. strict; quick d. strict; slow

c. strict; quick

If Bob was intrinsically motivated to audition for a dating-themed reality show, he would do so because he wants... a. to make money. b. to gain attention. c. to find someone to date. d. to be on social media.

c. to find someone to date.

When you dial a number to get some technical help, you are put in a queue and are forced to listen to terrible music while waiting for the first available agent. Sometimes you have to wait as many as fifteen minutes to speak to an agent, but other times you get help in as a little as ten seconds. Waiting to speak to the agent is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed-interval b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio

c. variable-interval

You were walking your dog when you got a call from your mother saying that your father had a heart attack. You start to hyperventilate and sweat. With regards to the General Adaptation Syndrome, which phase would this be an example of? a. Shock b. Coping c. Phase One d. Alarm

d. Alarm

Which is an example of the "systems level" measure? a. Neuroimaging b. Epigenetics c. Behavior among groups d. Behavior in schools

d. Behavior in schools

What conclusion is illustrated by this figure? a. Children who hear more speech at 19 months have better spatial reasoning b. Children who hear more speech at 19-months makes no difference in word comprehension at 24 months. c. Children who heard less speech at 19 months experienced greater stress at 24 months. d. Children who hear more speech at 19 months are quicker to process language at 24 months.

d. Children who hear more speech at 19 months are quicker to process language at 24 months.

According to the Hart & Risley (1995) study, how does SES (Social & Economic Status) of parents affect the size of children's vocabulary? a. Children with high school educated parents have a smaller vocabulary than children with uneducated parents. b. There is no difference between children's vocabulary across various SES groups. c. Children with parents of lower SES positively correlates to a higher number of words known. d. Children with college educated parents have a larger vocabulary than other children with less educated parents by 3 years old.

d. Children with college educated parents have a larger vocabulary than other children with less educated parents by 3 years old.

Which of the following are predictive of job performance? a. Personality traits, but not cognitive ability b. Neither cognitive ability nor personality traits c. Cognitive ability, but not personality traits d. Cognitive ability and personality traits

d. Cognitive ability and personality traits

In 2015, a researcher studied the longterm effects of divorce on children. She recruited adults whose parents had divorced when the participants were children younger than 15 years. Her sample ranged in age from 18 to 73 years. She had them answer a series of questions about their adult attachment patterns. She compared the answers of the adult children of divorced parents to the answers of adults whose parents' marriages remained intact. What type of research design is this researcher using? a. Naturalistic observation b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sequential d. Cross-sectional

d. Cross-sectional

Rual spilled coffee on his pants before class, and now he is worried about the way he appears for his class presentation later today. Which type of stressor is he experiencing? a. Major life event b. An annoyance c. Catatrosphic event d. Daily hassle

d. Daily hassle

________ psychologists study the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that people experience throughout their lives. a. Cognitive b. Social c. Evolutionary d. Developmental

d. Developmental

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules b. Giving students homework passes when they work hard during class c. Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework d. Giving a child candy for completing their homework.

d. Giving a child candy for completing their homework.

Which of the following is TRUE about motivation? a. High levels of motivation are always useful. b. Motivation is the same thing as an emotion. c. It is always beneficial to have a low level of motivation. d. High levels of motivation for a certain behavior can make it difficult to do other things.

d. High levels of motivation for a certain behavior can make it difficult to do other things.

Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? a. Chronic irritability b. Compulsiveness c. Competitiveness d. Hostility

d. Hostility

Twelve-year-old Julian, is shy and anxious. He is bullied by other kids at school. His parents consult the school psychologist who, having reviewed the research on bullying, explains to them that... a. Julian's problems with bullies will go away by the time he is fifteen. b. Julian will be a more resilient, more compassionate adult as a result of being bullied at age 12. c. Julian has psychological issues that encourage other children to bully him. d. Julian is at risk of greater emotional problems as a result of being bullied.

d. Julian is at risk of greater emotional problems as a result of being bullied.

What does it mean to hypothesize that "autism is a quantitative trait normally distributed in the population?" a. People with autism spectrum disorder are found everywhere in normal populations. b. Autism is a homogeneous trait that can be measured in normal populations. c. Individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder are categorically different from normal populations. d. Just like height--everyone is more or less tall--autism is a trait that we all have more or less. Someone who is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is just at an extreme.

d. Just like height--everyone is more or less tall--autism is a trait that we all have more or less. Someone who is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is just at an extreme.

What is the problem with having low levels of motivation? a. Low levels of motivation make it too easy to be productive. b. A low level of motivation is emotionally draining. c. Low levels of motivation decrease stress. d. Low levels of motivation make it hard to be productive.

d. Low levels of motivation make it hard to be productive.

What is the optimal level of motivation, on average? a. Low b. Extremely High c. High d. Moderate

d. Moderate

Emotion responses have three aspects: Feelings, autonomic responses, and somatic responses. Which of the following would describe Tom's autonomic response when he encountered a bear while hiking with his friend on the Superior Trail? a. That bear feels me with fear! b. I didn't need to run faster than the bear....I just needed to run faster than my friend. c. I ran away as fast as I could! d. My heart was pounding, and I could barely breathe.

d. My heart was pounding, and I could barely breathe.

Which of the following is NOT positively correlated with secure attachment? a. Higher social competence. b. More secure adult romantic relationships. c. Higher confidence. d. Needy relationships with teachers.

d. Needy relationships with teachers.

Why did Harry Harlow's baby monkeys prefer the cloth monkey over the wire monkey with food? a. The cloth monkey smelled more like a mother monkey. b. The monkey preferred the wire monkey with the food . c. The baby monkeys were trained to prefer the cloth monkey. d. The baby monkeys had a greater attachment to the cloth monkey because it provided a greater sense of comfort.

d. The baby monkeys had a greater attachment to the cloth monkey because it provided a greater sense of comfort.

A Development Psychologist is interviewing teenagers whose parents are Somali refugees who settled in Minneapolis at least ten years ago. Her particular focus is how these parents support academic achievement. In this example, the researcher is looking at which level of a developmental framework? a. The chronosystem of changes over time b. Individual abilities and characteristics c. The macrosystem of mass media, legal and social services, and culture d. The microsystem of family, neighborhood and school

d. The microsystem of family, neighborhood and school

Some believe that teen romantic relationships allow adolescents to learn and practice the skills required for forming good adult relationships. Others believe that the quality of all types of relationships (not just dating relationships) throughout development is what matters. What does research find? a. Lots of romantic partners in adolescence predicts better romantic relationships in adulthood. b. The best predictor of adult relationship quality is infant attachment style. c. Romantic relationship quality as a teenager predicts romantic relationship quality as an adult. d. The quality of adult relationships is a function of general social competence--not dating relationships in adolescence.

d. The quality of adult relationships is a function of general social competence--not dating relationships in adolescence.

What conclusions can NOT be drawn from research indicating the relationship between brain development and social class (SES), as summarized in this chart? a. By 36 months, children of high and low SES have significant differences in the volume of the gray matter in their brains. b. At five months, children of all social classes have about the same total gray matter. c. By 36 months, children from higher social classes have more gray matter. d. The relationship between social class and brain development is a function of the genes that children have at birth.

d. The relationship between social class and brain development is a function of the genes that children have at birth.

Which reinforcement schedule do slot machines use? a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio

d. Variable ratio

Which of the following best illustrates the adaptive value of emotion? a. After her stroke, Dorothy stopped feeling fearful. b. Marta was so overwhelmed by all the work she had to finish before the end of the semester that she was paralyzed with fear and didn't do anything. c. Fabian chose to spank his son for disobeying because he thought it was important to show that behavior has consequences. d. When an animal threatened her infant son, Maya's fright gave her the strength to grab him and run like the wind to safety.

d. When an animal threatened her infant son, Maya's fright gave her the strength to grab him and run like the wind to safety.

Ray is hostile, ambitious and impatient. Ray might be at higher risk for ______________ than his easy-going friends. a. diabetes b. generalized panic disorder. c. depression d. coronary heart disease

d. coronary heart disease

In which situation is dopamine most likely to be released into the synapse? a. When you wake up in the morning b. When you brush your teeth c. After a hour of cuddling with your mom d. When you win the lottery

d. When you win the lottery

Lisa Simpson is introverted, conscientious, agreeable and very open to experience. She seeks out environments in which she can express these characteristics. For example, she choose to join the school band. In return, her band director gives Lisa opportunities to perform as a soloist during concerts. Thus, Lisa's experiences influence her development, but her development also influences what she experiences. This two-way street illustrates what Developmental Psychologists call ____________________. a. the "great debate" b. an idiographic approach c. Theory of Mind d. bidirectional influences

d. bidirectional influences

Arthur is 4 years old and can clearly indicate that two containers of the same size, filled to the same level, hold the same amount of liquid. However, when the liquid from one of the containers is poured into another that is skinnier and taller, Arthur indicates that this new container now holds more liquid than the other. What principle has he failed to understand? a. object permanence b. physics c. accomodation d. conservation

d. conservation

The ____________ approach to studying emotions focuses on aspects of emotions that are consistent across different emotions, such as how pleasant the emotion feels. a. posititve b. categorical c. discrete d. dimensional

d. dimensional

Dr. Patel is studying the emotion of sadness. This is in line with the _________ approach to studying emotions. a. negative b. continunum c. dimensional d. discrete

d. discrete

Paul Ekman's research indicates that, across cultures, people can usually identify the following emotional expressions: a. happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, remorse, suspicion b. anger, fear, happiness, sadness, remorse, disgust c. fear, disgust, love, anger, surprise, disappointment d. happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

d. happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to the lecture, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that... a. his heart rate decreased. b. he said, "I am so happy to see you." c. he felt relief. d. he gave her a big smile.

d. he gave her a big smile.

One of the core sets of symptoms in Autism includes... a. problems with feeding b. seizures c. problems with motor skills d. problems with social communication

d. problems with social communication

Andrés, nine years old, loud and pushy, is disliked by most of his fourth-grade classmates. Very few of the kids in his class like him. A child psychologist, observing this pattern, would classify Andrés' peer status as ___________________. a. neglected b. bullied c. friendless d. rejected

d. rejected

Andrés, nine years old, loud and pushy, is disliked by most of his fourth-grade classmates. Very few of the kids in his class like him. A child psychologist, observing this pattern, would classify Andrés' peer status as ___________________. a. neglected b. friendless c. bullied d. rejected

d. rejected

If a clinician were to focus on the social aspect of the biopsychosocial development of eating disorders, they would likely want to know about... a. the patient's tendency toward perfectionism b. whether there is a family history of eating disorders c. the patient's genetics d. the messages that the patient is receiving from friends, family, and the media

d. the messages that the patient is receiving from friends, family, and the media

When an epidemiologist investigates the "prevalence" of a disease, he or she is interested in ____________________________ in a given population during a specified time. a. the index (usually rate) of the total number of new cases identified b. the behavioral manifestations of the disease. c. the mechanism by which the disease occurs d. the total number of people with a specific disease

d. the total number of people with a specific disease

A development psychologist wants to study the influences that affect the outcomes of Minnesota children. For example, one of the participants in her study is Sofia who grew up in Minnesota, and is the daughter of Mexican immigrants. Sofia is healthy, bright and outgoing. Her family has taught Sofia to value work and self-discipline. Although some of Sofia's extended family members and neighbors worry about the cost of college, she thinks it will be worth it. In order to better understand all the influences that affect Sofia's decision to attend college the developmental psychologist will __________________________________. a. apply the Post-Hoc fallacy b. focus on the genetics of Sofia's personality c. take a "cells to society" approach d. use factor analysis

d. use factor analysis

When you dial a number to get some technical help, you are put in a queue and are forced to listen to terrible music while waiting for the first available agent. Sometimes you have to wait as many as fifteen minutes to speak to an agent, but other times you get help in as a little as ten seconds. Waiting to speak to the agent is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval

d. variable-interval

If a clinician were to focus on the psychological aspect of the biopsychosocial development of eating disorders, they would likely want to know about a patient's _____. a. behaviors of friends and peers b. genetics c. tendency toward perfectionism d. family history of eating disorders

not d or b