PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 5

Sarah and Lucy are starting a new psychology class. On the first day, they notice another student who arrived 10 minutes late. Sarah inferred that the student was a rude person. Lucy inferred that the student must have had car trouble. Sarah's inference corresponds to _________. Lucy's inference corresponds to ________. A. dispositional attribution, situational attribution B. negative attribution, positive attribution C. attribution, judgment D. internal ascription, external ascription

A. dispositional attribution, situational attribution

Josh has some concerns about capitalist systems, and believes we should have larger and better funded social programs to provide safety nets for those who experience periods of financial hardship. After a few months of conversing with other likeminded people on the Internet, Josh becomes more extreme, and regularly endorses statements like "eat the rich." This illustrates the concept of _____. A. group polarization B. deindividuation C. dissonance reduction D. groupthink

A. group polarization

When watching a funny movie, we're more likely to laugh if we're with other people than if we're alone. This illustrates the concept of _____. A. social contagion B. social inhibition C. social connectedness D. informal social influence

A. social contagion

What is terror management?

According to "terror management theory," people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

(A) _____ is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Aggression Prejudice Discrimination Deindividuation

Aggression

Congruence

Agreement, harmony, or correspondence

Alex feels guilty after cheating on a quiz. These feelings likely reflect _____. A. dispositional attribution B. cognitive dissonance C. terror management D. rationalization

B. cognitive dissonance

During a riot, a large sporting event, or mob action, people may lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as _____ A. normative social influence B. deindividuation C. social facilitation D. social loafing

B. deindividuation

People in groups often become more impulsive when wearing masks compared to when their faces are not covered. This is likely due to a process of _____. A. social facilitation B. deindividuation C. inhibition failure D. group polarization

B. deindividuation

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to _____ A. perform a complex task more poorly when others are present. B. exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal. C. become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with strangers. D. exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work completed.

B. exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.

_____ theories of personality view behavior as reflecting an interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind. Social-cognitive Humanistic Trait Psychodynamic

Psychodynamic

The _____ inkblot test assumes that what you see in the blot reflects your inner feelings and conflicts. Adler Helmholtz Murray Rorschach

Rorschach

What is social exhibitionism?

The desire to be noticed by others; engaging in extravagant behaviour in order to be noticed.

What is inhibition?

a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

a large request is made at first, and if refused, a smaller request is made

When a police officer pulls over a car because the driver is an African-American male in an expensive car, the police officer has committed: a microaggression. discrimination. a stereotype. aggression.

a microaggression.

What is central processing?

a mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of the speaker's arguments

What is temperament?

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

An individual who endangers their own life by jumping onto railway tracks to rescue a stranger is BEST seen as exemplifying: social exchange theory. the reciprocity norm. ingroup bias. altruism.

altruism.

What is attribution theory?

an attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused

What is escalation of commitment?

an increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information

Sigmund Freud suggested that adults with a passive and submissive personality, marked by a childlike dependence, demonstrate signs of: reaction formation. an inferiority complex. an oral fixation. an Oedipus complex.

an oral fixation.

What is dispositional attribution?

assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones

Based on decades of psychological research, MOST psychologists agree with the psychoanalytic perspective that much of one's mental life is: a fixation. a reaction formation. repressed. unconscious.

unconscious.

What is dissonance reduction?

we tend to resolve this dissonance by changing our attitudes to fit our actions

Which is NOT among the three key factors determining whether one will like another person? similarity proximity attractiveness wealth

wealth

What is social connectedness?

citizens' involvement in groups and their relationships to their communities and families

Sensory adaptation helps people: concentrate on more important things. learn new things. keep their nerve cells firing. adjust to different light levels.

concentrate on more important things.

Aggression is related to _____ activity in the central executive and _____ activity in the limbic system. decreased; decreased increased; increased increased; decreased decreased; increased

decreased; increased

What is rationalization?

defense mechanism offering a rational, logical reason for an upsetting event rather than the real reason

The _____ operates on the reality principle. id superego ego unconscious

ego

What is situational attribution?

factors outside the person doing the action, such as peer pressure

Pit bulls have a reputation for aggressive behavior, are frequently involved in dogfighting, and have acted aggressively toward people. This BEST demonstrates _____ influences on aggression. neural genetic biochemical environmental

genetic

A researcher subliminally flashes words that have either emotionally positive content (for example, puppies, people embracing) or negative content (for example, murder, accidents) immediately before showing participants pictures of houses. Then, when they are asked to rate the houses in terms of attractiveness, the participants should: give the houses with more windows higher ratings. give the houses that were viewed following negative images higher ratings. give the houses that were viewed following positive images higher ratings. show no difference in the ratings they gave to the houses.

give the houses that were viewed following positive images higher ratings.

The reciprocity norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who: ask for help. need help. help themselves. have helped them.

have helped them.

What is social contagion?

imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas

What is social facilitation?

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

What is normative social influence?

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

What is informational social influence?

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Sexual feelings are largely dormant during the _____ stage, which begins at age _____. latency; 3 phallic; 3 latency; 6 phallic; 6

latency; 6

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple's experience BEST illustrates: a social trap. group polarization. the mere exposure effect. mirror-image perceptions.

mirror-image perceptions.

In terms of interpersonal attraction, the word proximity is MOST synonymous with: intelligence. similarity. familiarity. nearness.

nearness.

What is central route persuasion?

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

What is peripheral route persuasion?

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Which is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages? anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital genital, anal, oral, latency, phallic oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Which list contains an item that does NOT belong with the others? identification; perception; interpretation perception; interpretation; organization organization; sensation; identification sensation; registration; stimulation

organization; sensation; identification

This refers to an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. personality ego superego id

personality

John and Alisha randomly met each other at the local movie theater. Which factor will MOST likely affect their first impression of each other? physical attractiveness personality intelligence sincerity

physical attractiveness

The id is to the _____ principle as the ego is to _____. morality; pleasure pleasure; reality pleasure; morality morality; reality

pleasure; reality

This Freudian defense mechanism may simply reflect the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. displacement reaction formation projection regression

projection

Dr. Berger believes that behavior generally reflects conscious and unconscious attempts to manage conflicts and tensions of which an individual is often unaware. Dr. Berger appears to have a _____ theory of personality. humanistic social-cognitive trait psychodynamic

psychodynamic

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing. perception; transduction perception; sensation transduction; sensation sensation; perception

sensation; perception

Human sensory systems are designed to detect changes in stimulation rather than to detect constancies. This is demonstrated by the process of: sensory adaptation. accommodation. signal detection. synesthesia.

sensory adaptation.

The minute Beth walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her mother-in-law's perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Beth no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of: Weber's law. subliminal sensation. sensory adaptation. perceptual set.

sensory adaptation.

What are social roles?

shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave

Which altruism-related term is incorrectly defined? social responsibility norm - People are more likely to help others when they are in a good mood. reciprocity norm - People expect that they will have to return help to those who have helped them. bystander effect - People are less likely to help a person in need when there are many people around. altruism - People may help others unselfishly without expecting any benefit.

social responsibility norm - People are more likely to help others when they are in a good mood.

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism BEST illustrates the impact of the: reciprocity norm. bystander effect. social responsibility norm. mere exposure effect.

social responsibility norm.

The _____ occurs when each person pursues their own self-interest but becomes caught in mutually destructive behavior. frustration-aggression principle just-world phenomenon social trap social responsibility norm

social trap

Belief is to _____ as behavior is to _____. stereotype; discrimination stereotype; prejudice prejudice; discrimination prejudice; stereotype

stereotype; discrimination

The unconscious is MOST likely to play a role in: explicit memory. stereotyping and implicit prejudice. sequential processing. left hemisphere activity.

stereotyping and implicit prejudice.

According to Freud's theory, boys' fear of castration is MOST closely associated with: an oral fixation. an inferiority complex. free association. the Oedipus complex.

the Oedipus complex.

What is priming?

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as: the mere exposure effect. group polarization. the bystander effect. social facilitation.

the bystander effect.

What is group polarization?

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Marcus's behavior is BEST explained in terms of: the mere exposure effect. the frustration-aggression principle. group polarization. the just-world phenomenon.

the frustration-aggression principle.

What is deindividuation?

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of: social facilitation. the mere exposure effect. mirror-image perceptions. deindividuation.

the mere exposure effect.

What is groupthink?

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

What is ascription?

the process by which others attribute identities to an individual

What is cognitive dissonance?

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

According to Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations. the superego the ego the id the phallic

the superego

What is social loafing?

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

What is moral failure?

thoughts of regret, loss, and guilt as well as feelings of powerlessness may trouble nurses when a resolution is not determined or not quickly seen

(A) The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects_____ processing. top-down adaptive subliminal bottom-up

top-down

Passionate love has been described as "adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder" because of the arousal caused by another person. The theory that BEST explains this is the: two-factor theory. cognitive dissonance. social exchange theory. equity theory.

two-factor theory.

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

- we have a tendency to agree to small actions first. Eventually over time comply with much larger actions

Jessica attended a concert. When the concert is over, she's not sure which way she needs to go to get back to her car. Most people appear to be going in one direction. Jessica figures that these people probably know the way out, so she goes along with them. This illustrates ______. A. social facilitation B. informational social influence C. obedience D. normative social influence

B. informational social influence

Which pair of psychologists began a series of studies in the 1960s investigating the factors involved in determining whether a person will help a stranger? Bibb Latané and John Darley Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram and Diana Baumrind Muzafer Sherif and Solomon Asch

Bibb Latané and John Darley

_____ processing starts at the very basic level of sensory receptors and works toward more complex levels of processing.

Bottom-up

As part of her work-study program, Annie regularly calls alumni of her university and asks if they would like to make a donation to a scholarship fund. She begins by asking if they would be willing to make a donation of $5. She finds that those who agree to donate such small amount are more likely to donate a larger amount when she calls back. This illustrates the ______. A. priming B. escalation of commitment C. foot-in-the door phenomenon D. behavior modification

C. foot-in-the door phenomenon

A homeless person asks Chris for some spare change. Even though Chris has some change to spare, he does not give it because he committed the fundamental attribution error. He most likely attributed the homeless person's situation to ______. A. systemic inequality B. a lack of social support C. moral failure D. an untreated mental illness

C. moral failure

Marketing firms often seek celebrities to endorse their clients' products and appear in their commercials. Such a strategy likely draws on psychological research regarding _______. A. foot-in-the-door techniques B. central route persuasion C. peripheral route persuasion D. cognitive dissonance

C. peripheral route persuasion

Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very friendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior: A. demonstrated role playing B. was situationally determined C. reflected her personal disposition D. illustrated normative social influence

C. reflected her personal disposition

Expert musicians often perform at their best when playing before an audience compared to when playing alone; novice musicians, however, often perform worse when playing before an audience than when playing alone. This illustrates _____. A. social loafing B. social inhibition C. social facilitation D. social exhibition

C. social facilitation

The Stanford Prison Experiment illustrates the power of ______. A. individual differences B. cognitive dissonance C. social roles D. temperament

C. social roles

This neo-Freudian worked closely with Sigmund Freud but placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence. Alfred Adler Carl Jung Karen Horney Anna Freud

Carl Jung

What is obedience?

Complying with the demands of an authority figure

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink? A. "To proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group members." B. "Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?" C. "As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue." D. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

D. "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter and ________ the "learner." A. close to; close to B. far from; far from C. far from; close to D. close to; far from

D. close to; far from

When your roommate forgets to take the trash out, she's inconsiderate. When you forget to take the trash out, it's because you have so much to do that you just forgot. This pattern of thinking illustrates ______. A. role-based attributions B. central processing C. cognitive dissonance D. fundamental attribution error

D. fundamental attribution error

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to _______ as the desire to gain approval is to ________ A. social facilitation, deindividuation B. normative social influence, informational social influence C. deindividuation, social facilitation D. informational social influence, normative social influence

D. informational social influence, normative social influence

A bumper sticker that advocates environmental reform by using a witty joke relies on ________. A newspaper editorial that advocates environmental reform by discussing the details of relevant scientific data relies on ______. A. the foot-in-the-door technique, the door-in-the-face technique B. situational attributions, dispositional attributions C. attitude-behavior congruence, cognitive dissonance D. peripheral route persuasion, central route persuasion

D. peripheral route persuasion, central route persuasion

Attitudes are mostly likely to influence behavior when _____. A. the attitude and behavior are both situationally determined B. the attitude is general, pervasive, and abstract C. the behavior is influenced by latent learning D. the attitude is stable, specific to behavior, and easily recalled

D. the attitude is stable, specific to behavior, and easily recalled

What is dispositional attribution?

Individuals attribute behaviour to internal cues (e.g. personalities of people).

This neo-Freudian said that childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. This neo-Freudian also countered Sigmund Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer from penis envy. Alfred Adler Carl Jung Karen Horney Abraham Maslow

Karen Horney

_____ refers to an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Social facilitation The bystander effect Social exchange theory The social responsibility norm

The social responsibility norm

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others

Proximity, similarity, and physical beauty combine to yield: aggression. attribution. obedience. attraction.

attraction.

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of: conflicts, attributions, and social scripts. inequality, frustration, and aggression. beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action. ingroup bias, mirror-image perceptions, and deindividuation.

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.