psychology exam. Ch. 3,11, 14
100. Deficits in the functioning of the ________ are associated with aggression. A. frontal lobes B. parietal lobes C. hypothalamus D. hippocampus
A
36. The crossover point where the right visual field information goes to the left hemisphere is called the A. optic chiasm. B. optic nerve. C. retina. D. fovea.
A
8. In the context of sensory receptors, the intensity of the stimulus is communicated to the brain by varying the ________ of the action potential sent to the brain. A. frequency B. depth C. strength D. lucidity
A
127. Which of the following statements about smoking is true? A. More people smoke today than in the past. B. Children of smokers are at special risk for respiratory and middle-ear diseases. C. Quitting smoking has very few health benefits. D. Smoking is linked to 10 percent of chronic pulmonary disease deaths.
B
174. According to Lazarus, in ________ individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can be marshaled to cope with the event. A. primary appraisal B. secondary appraisal C. initial assessment D. initial intake
B
44. Depth perception involves A. the papillae. B. perceiving three dimensions. C. seeing in three colors. D. the pinna.
B
98. ________ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt. A. Utilitarianism B. Altruism C. Egoism D. Ethnocentrism
B
170. Which of the following statements is true of the preliminary hypotheses about the interaction that causes vulnerability to disease? A. Stressful experiences increase the efficiency of the immune system. B. Stress directly promotes disease-fighting processes. C. Stressful situations make individuals more susceptible to diseases. D. Stressful experiences cause the deactivation of dormant viruses
C
176. ________ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them. A. Denial B. Emotion-focused coping C. Problem-focused coping D. Repressive coping
C
19. Daniel conducts an experiment to see whether he can taste a quarter teaspoon of sugar dissolved in a glass of water. The same quantity of water is used for ten trials. Five out of ten times, Daniel does detect the taste of the sugar in the water. His taste of the sugar five out of ten times represents his A. synaesthesia. B. taste aversion. C. absolute threshold. D. extrasensory perception.
C
2. The cochlea is part of the A. outer ear. B. middle ear. C. inner ear. D. pinnae.
C
29. As light enters the eye, eventually it reaches the light-sensitive ________ at the back of the eye. A. cornea B. lens C. retina D. iris
C
35. The ________ is the area on the retina where there are no rods and no cones. A. fovea B. lens C. blind spot D. cornea
C
46. Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are? A. superposition B. vertical position C. linear perspective D. texture gradient
C
125. Clare climbs steps every day to stimulate her heart and lung functioning. She does this to remain fit and healthy. Claire's exercise is a type of A. flexibility exercise. B. anaerobic exercise. C. muscle-strengthening exercise. D. aerobic exercise.
D
157. The body's first reaction to a stressor, in the ________, is a temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits. A. resistance stage B. irritability phase C. exhaustion stage D. alarm stage
D
79. ________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures. A. Positive illusion B. Learned helplessness C. Stereotyping D. Self-serving bias
D
154. ________ is the power of belief in yourself. A. Self-efficacy B. Conscientiousness C. External locus of control D. Self-identity
A
70. The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called A. ethnocentrism. B. deindividuation. C. groupthink. D. social identity
A
101. The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is A. estrogen. B. testosterone. C. norepinephrine. D. epinephrine.
B
115. In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates A. reactance. B. conformity. C. altruism. D. obedience
B
13. The sensory receptors for taste called taste buds are located in the A. olfactory epithelium. B. papillae. C. pinna. D. optic chiasm.
B
28. Which of the followings statements is true of the rods in the eye's retina? A. Rods are very useful for color vision. B. Rods are found everywhere except in the fovea. C. Rods are not hard at work at night. D. Rods do not function well under low illumination
B
1. ________ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy. A. Reception B. Perception C. Consciousness D. Sensation
D
113. The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately ________ percent of the time. A. 10 B. 90 C. 60 D. 35
D
116. In the context of psychological factors in conformity, which of the following best describes informational social influence? A. It refers to how people resist authority when they feel their authority is being threatened. B. It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be liked by them. C. It refers to the focused interest that some individuals have in influencing others. D. It refers to the influence people have on an individual because the individual wants to be right
D
12. Endorphins are A. hormones that are exclusively involved the kinesthetic sense. B. believed to be released mainly in the synapses of the fast pathway. C. hormones that are solely involved in the vestibular sense. D. neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain
D
123. Which of the following statements is true of individuals who exhibit hardiness? A. They feel powerless. B. They see problems as threats. C. They feel alienated. D. They have a sense of commitment.
D
14. Which of the following actions involves the application of chemical senses? A. listening to music B. playing basketball C. reading a book D. smelling a flower
D
141. Self-belief and especially beliefs about one's ability to "see it through" is characteristic of which of the following stages of change model? A. contemplation B. maintenance C. action/willpower D. preparation/determination
D
145. According to the stages of change model, when conscious attention is no longer required to maintain the new, healthy behaviors and such behaviors simply are part of the individual's lifestyle, ________ has been achieved. This occurs during the ________ stage of change. A. optimistic appraisal/contemplation B. hardiness/preparation C. determination/action-willpower D. transcendence/maintenance
D
158. When a rat is first introduced to an over-crowded cage, it will most likely enter the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A. exhaustion B. action/willpower C. resistance D. alarm
D
163. The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals A. evolve to think about others before themselves. B. give up their inhibitions and behave against the norms of society. C. develop physically and mentally in adolescence. D. give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles.
D
27. The ________ is a transparent and somewhat flexible, disklike structure filled with a gelatin-like material. A. fovea B. optic nerve C. retina D. lens
D
10. The difference between the fast and slow neural pathways of pain messages is that, in the fast pathway A. fibers connect directly with the thalamus. B. a detour delays the arrival of information at the cerebral cortex by seconds. C. pain information goes to the cerebral cortex first. D. pain information travels through the limbic system.
A
103. Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? A. It states that frustration always leads to aggression. B. It states that aggression stems from an attitude of altruism. C. It states that aggression usually leads to obedience. D. It states that besides frustration, no other experiences can cause aggression.
A
105. A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting A. overt aggression. B. covert aggression. C. relational aggression. D. subtle aggression.
A
107. ________ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship. A. Romantic love B. Affectionate love C. Companionate love D. The mere exposure effect
A
11. Jenny is a little girl whose experience of pain is different from other children her age. She does not have quick reactions to pain that help her avoid painful situations, such as pressing a pin between her fingers or biting down on her hand. However, she is able to feel the prolonged pain from these injuries. Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for Jenny's responsiveness to pain? A. Jenny's fast pathway does not function as well as her slow pathway. B. Jenny's threshold for pain is low. C. Jenny's body releases no endorphins. D. Jenny's brain is unable to receive the neural impulses from all pain receptors.
A
118. June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to A. deindividuation. B. inoculation. C. the bystander effect. D. social loafing
A
119. The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of ________, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. A. social contagion B. altruism C. egoism D. social loafing
A
142. You are having fun at a New Year's Eve party when your friend Dominic tells you that he really wants to quit smoking. He asks you to share what you know about health psychology so that he can use your advice to help him to successfully quit. If you apply the theory of reasoned action to Dominic's situation, which of the following statements best represents the advice you should offer? A. "Dominic, you should make an explicit commitment. If you are really serious about quitting, you should make a New Year's resolution to stop smoking." B. "Dominic, you should make sure you surround yourself with friends who smoke and who don't support your goal of quitting. Having a little adversity from your social network will keep you motivated." C. "Dominic, you should give in to the 'higher power' and realize that you can't truly control your smoking behavior. Just hope and pray for the best." D. "Dominic, you should envision quitting smoking as a form of punishment for your previous behavior. Think of quitting as a negative behavior
A
147. The theory of planned behavior includes the basic ideas of the theory of reasoned action but adds another important variable to the model. This variable is A. a person's perception of control over the outcome of the situation. B. cognitive ability. C. level of introversion. D. genetic health history
A
153. Pauline is responsible and reliable. She likes structure and always sees a task through until it is completed. She exercises, eats healthy foods, and always wears her seatbelt. Pauline would score high on which of the following personality traits? A. conscientiousness B. openness to new experiences C. extraversion D. agreeableness
A
161. Katie has been diagnosed with breast cancer and is under significant stress. She is undergoing a series of chemotherapy treatments. According to Hans Selye, Katie is currently in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). A. resistance B. deferred optimism C. acceptance D. preparation
A
162. Denise has just finished a stressful week of final exams and she now feels as though she is coming down with the flu. According to the general adaptation syndrome, Denise's reaction to stress suggests that she is now in the ________ stage. A. exhaustion B. resistance C. alarm D. primary appraisal
A
173. Kirby just got divorced. He is currently thinking about how disruptive and significant this life change will be for him. According to Lazarus, Kirby's behavior is an example of A. primary appraisal. B. the general adaptation syndrome. C. daily hassles and uplifts. D. secondary appraisal.
A
178. Martha likes her new job but her workplace is far from her home. She spends a lot of time driving every day. Traffic is normally quite heavy and Martha is experiencing a great deal of stress. Telling herself to relax, listen to music, and to enjoy "alone time" in the car rather than dreading the commute would be an example of A. emotion-focused coping. B. problem-focused coping. C. repressive coping. D. social sharing.
A
180. Which of the following statements is true of effective coping with stress? A. Multiple strategies often work better than a single strategy to cope with stress. B. A sense of personal control is associated with ineffective coping with stress. C. People who see problems as threats rather than challenges can cope with stress effectively. D. Hardiness increases stress and makes it difficult for a person to cope with it.
A
20. Which of the following principles states that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different? A. weber's law B. perceptual attention C. the volley principle D. ricco's law
A
21. Although the volume of the television is low, Katherine does not hear her phone ring when she is watching a movie that she likes. In this scenario, Katherine is demonstrating A. inattentional blindness. B. color blindness. C. subliminal perception. D. correct rejection.
A
23. Jennifer is a chain smoker. When her friend Irene, a non-smoker, gets in the car with Jennifer she is overwhelmed by the smell of smoke. One day she mentioned this fact to Jennifer, who was surprised by the comment. Jennifer claims that when she sniffs her hair and clothing she can't sense the smoky scent. Jennifer's inability to detect the smoky scent is an example of A. sensory adaptation. B. perceptual redundancy. C. the cocktail-party phenomenon. D. closure.
A
26. The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain is known as the A. retina. B. sclera. C. optic nerve. D. iris.
A
30. Cones A. are receptor cells that are used for color perception. B. are receptors in the cornea that are insensitive to light. C. function best at night or under low illumination conditions. D. are concentrated in the blind spot.
A
40. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the trichromatic theory of color vision? A. It fails to adequately explain afterimages. B. It negates the role of cone receptors in color vision. C. It states that cones are sensitive to red, yellow, and blue. D. It cannot explain colorblindness.
A
41. The ________ theory states that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of redgreen and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue. A. opponent-process B. frequency C. trichromatic D. place
A
43. Although several bulbs have burned out on the Movie Buff Theater's sign at the entrance and the letters are not completely formed, Caleb can still read the announcement for the upcoming movie. Which gestalt principle best accounts for this phenomenon? A. principle of closure B. principle of proximity C. principle of convergence D. principle of similarity
A
54. Mark's ability to distinguish a trumpet and a trombone or his mother's voice from his sister's voice is most likely due to the ________ of these stimuli. A. timbre B. pitch C. decibels D. amplitude
A
62. Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because A. the presence of other individuals arouses us. B. we are more relaxed in group situations than when we are alone. C. of a genetic predisposition toward heightened performance for new tasks in group settings. D. we feel more deindividuated when we are alone than when we are in a group.
A
64. In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by A. selecting an impartial leader. B. excluding outside experts in group discussions. C. isolating the dissenters of the group. D. encouraging group conformity.
A
69. Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario? A. the social identity theory B. the social exchange theory C. the self-perception theory D. the realistic conflict theory
A
72. Attribution theory A. views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. B. is an explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes. C. is a theory of social comparison which posits that when individuals lack objective means to evaluate their opinions and abilities, they compare themselves with others. D. suggests that we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.
A
74. Based on Claude Steele and Eliot Aronson's research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about instructions for standardized tests if they A. ask for race/ethnic information before the test starts. B. are administered by men and women from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. C. ask for names before the test starts. D. are culturally/racially sensitive.
A
88. ________ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts. A. Cognitive dissonance B. Risky shift C. Deindividuation D. Consensual validation
A
99. Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior? A. It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex. B. It is most strongly associated with neuroticism. C. It has no association with brain structures. D. It is the personality trait that is least associated with prosocial behavior
A
102. Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior? A. frustration-aggression theory B. observational learning C. identity crisis D. cognitive dissonance
B
106. The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why ________ increases attraction. A. physical attractiveness B. proximity C. similarity D. reciprocity
B
114. Which of the following statements best defines conformity? A. behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority B. a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard C. the ability of a person to overcome a social influence D. unselfish interest in helping another person
B
120. You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of A. social loafing. B. social contagion. C. social facilitation. D. group polarization.
B
121. An alcoholic who believes that he is just being a typical college student and does not think his drinking is a problem is most likely to be classified as being in the ________ stage of change. A. preparation B. contemplation C. determination D. precontemplation
B
122. Although many individuals use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, over the long term, A. both problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping strategies are equally effective. B. problem-focused coping rather than emotion-focused coping usually works best. C. neither problem-focused nor emotion-focused coping strategies are effective. D. emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping usually works best.
B
126. Health experts recommend that adults engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity (at least 60 percent of your maximum heart rate) on most, or preferably all, days of the week. What proportion of American adults are active at these recommended levels of physical activity? A. One-tenth B. One-fifth C. Two-thirds D. One-half
B
132. Which of the following is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)? A. erysipelas B. syphilis C. impetigo D. cellulitis
B
134. Raising one's consciousness about a problem is the key component of which of the following stages of change? A. action/willpower B. precontemplation C. preparation/determination D. contemplation
B
137. Some of the characteristics that distinguish people who are in the ________ stage of change are that they possess a beginning awareness of their problem behavior but they are not yet ready to change it. A. maintenance B. contemplation C. preparation/determination D. action/willpower
B
138. Suzanne wants to lose 20 pounds before her honeymoon to Hawaii. Although she realizes that being thinner will make her feel stronger and healthier, she has a weakness for ice cream. She's not sure that she will be able to give up the short-term pleasure of indulging in an ice-cream cone for dessert today in exchange for the long-term benefits of weight loss. Suzanne appears to be in which of the following stages of change? A. action/willpower B. contemplation 21 C. preparation/determination D. maintenance
B
143. Leo quit smoking two months ago. He is hoping that he can continue to stay tobacco-free so he has been trying to find ways to support his new, healthy behavior pattern. He eats mint whenever he gets a craving to smoke. Leo seems to be in the ________ stage of the stages of change model. A. preparation/determination B. action/willpower C. precontemplation D. contemplation
B
144. Bob decided that he was a bit overweight and in order to do something about it, he created a new exercise program, something he'd never tried before. Though he initially had some difficulty setting it up and sticking with it, he has consistently done his exercise workout for the last eight months. Though it is becoming more habitual, the program is still not yet automatic for him and he reinforces himself with new CDs each month if he has successfully completed his workouts. According to the stages of change model, Bob would most likely be in the A. termination stage. B. maintenance stage. C. preparation/determination stage. D. contemplation stage.
B
148. Which of the following is a criticism of the stages of change model? A. It doesn't capture the ways individuals make positive life changes. B. It refers more to attitudes that change than to behaviors. C. It is relevant only to individuals trying to quit smoking and lose weight. D. It is not effective in predicting psychotherapy outcomes.
B
15. In the context of the chemical senses, which of the following is true of the neural pathway of smell? A. It is the same as that of other sensory pathways. B. It first goes to the olfactory areas in the temporal lobe. C. It does not go through the limbic system. D. It passes through the thalamus.
B
152. In the long run, writing about traumatic life events A. is harmful because one relives the trauma over and over again. B. is associated with physical and psychological health benefits. C. increases distress among men but not among women. D. has no impact on reducing stress
B
160. Two years ago, Walter's business went bankrupt. Two months ago, his wife left him. Two days ago, Walter began having panic attacks. Selye would say that Walter is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A. reaction B. exhaustion C. contemplation D. alarm
B
168. The immune system and the central nervous system both rely on ________ mediators for communication. A. electrical B. chemical C. cognitive D. symbolic
B
172. Cancer patients show ________ activity in the blood. A. increased red blood cells (RBCs) B. diminished natural killer cell (NK-cell) C. increased cardiomyocyte D. diminished B lymphocytes
B
18. In the context of perception, ________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect. A. difference threshold B. absolute threshold C. just noticeable threshold D. just noticeable difference
B
24. When Carlos first jumped into the pool, he thought the water was very cold. Although the actual temperature of the pool remained constant, after a few minutes Carlos no longer complained about feeling cold. This change is his reaction to the temperature of the water is an example of A. top-down processing. B. sensory adaptation. C. a perceptual set. D. sensory deprivation.
B
25. George is looking at the colors on a paint swatch card to select the right shade of red for his wall. He is able to differentiate between the various shades of red on the card and makes a quick decision. His perception of the differences in the shades can be attributed to the ________ of light reflecting from the shades. A. gradients B. wavelengths C. timbres D. frequencies
B
31. Which of the following statements is true of the structure of the eye? A. The rods are the receptors that are used for color perception. B. The curved surface of the cornea does most of the bending of the light. C. The cones are the receptors that are hard at work at night. D. The light reaching the eye from objects that are far is more scattered
B
45. ________ depth-vision cues depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together. A. Monocular B. Binocular C. Parallel D. Gradient
B
48. Perceptual constancy refers to our ability to A. adjust to the amount of light in the room even if that requires light or dark adaptation. B. see an object as the same size even though we move closer to it or farther from it. C. have all of our sensory systems working on overload in a highly stressful situation. D. switch back and forth between the figure and the ground in a figure-ground problem
B
5. One criticism of place theory is that it A. can't explain the different functions of rods and cones. B. adequately explains low-frequency sounds but not high-frequency sounds. C. adequately explains high-frequency sounds but not low-frequency sounds. D. doesn't explain findings from split-brain research.
B
56. When sound waves move through the auditory canal to the middle ear, they first cause the A. hammer to vibrate. B. eardrum to vibrate. C. oval window to move. D. cochlea to vibrate.
B
59. The major function of the ________ is to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear. A. olfactory epithelium B. hammer, anvil, and stirrup C. papillae D. pinnae
B
6. ________ best explains those high-frequency sounds that are above 1,000 times per second. A. Decibel theory B. A combination of frequency and place theory C. A combination of opponent-process and trichromatic theory D. Place theory
B
60. When one hears any sound, one's eardrum vibrates. These vibrations are then transferred to the inner ear by the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These three bones are all located in the A. marginal ear. B. middle ear. C. inner ear. D. outer ear
B
65. In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink? A. preference for accuracy over conformity B. pressure for unanimity C. underestimation of the power of a group D. willingness to hear all sides of an argument
B
66. Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become more liberal as a result of A. the fundamental attribution error. B. group polarization. C. cognitive dissonance. D. social loafing.
B
7. You touch a baby's forehead and realize that he feels warm and must have a fever. What type of sensory receptors relayed information about the baby's temperature to your brain? A. cones B. thermoreceptors C. endorphins D. rods
B
71. In a study based on Tajfel's theory of social identity, Cathy is randomly assigned to Group A, and Sara is randomly assigned to Group B. When asked to award money to other study participants, both Cathy and Sara award money only to members of their own groups. This behavior is predicted by Tajfel's theory and best exemplifies A. cultural bias. B. in-group favoritism. C. group polarization. D. ethnocentrism
B
75. You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the A. availability heuristic. B. fundamental attribution error. C. universality mistake. D. self-serving bias.
B
77. Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates A. social loafing. B. the false consensus effect. C. the self-serving bias. D. deindividuation.
B
95. The elaboration likelihood model A. explains the effects of deindividuation. B. identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route. C. refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. D. views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
B
108. When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying A. romantic love. B. passionate love. C. affectionate love. D. the mere exposure effect
C
112. Dave is a handsome and famous celebrity. He has been dating Gabriela, a beautiful and popular actress, for the past two months, but he doesn't feel strongly committed to their relationship. Recently, Dave has been working on a new movie and several women have expressed their interest in getting to know him better. Dave is now contemplating whether he should stay with Gabriela or explore the more tempting alternatives. According to the investment model, what will Dave probably do next? A. He will probably stay with Gabriela for at least another year so that he can give their relationship a second chance. B. He will probably ask Gabriela to move in with him. C. He will probably break up with Gabriela and give in to the temptation of dating other women. D. He will probably ask Gabriela to marry him.
C
117. Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo? A. Good people can never act evil. B. Authority forces people to act evil. C. People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed. D. Bad people will act evil regardless of the situation.
C
129. Which of the following approaches to quit smoking involves using a nicotine patch? A. seeking professional help B. psychotherapy C. using a substitute source D. going cold turkey
C
131. Which of the following is an effect of nicotine? A. It decreases the central nervous system activity. B. It slows down the brain's activities. C. It leads to a pleasurable and reinforcing experience. D. It leads to drowsiness and confusion.
C
140. Madison is addicted to drugs. According to the stages of the change model, if she is in the contemplation stage of changing her habit, which of the following will occur during this stage? A. She will stop doing drugs immediately. B. She will join a rehabilitation center. C. She will re-evaluate the role of this addiction in her life. D. She will deny or refuse that her addiction is real.
C
149. Which of the following is an advantage of the stages of change model? A. It refers more to attitudes that change than to behaviors. B. All stages of the change model are mutually exclusive. C. It can be used to develop realistic expectations of the change process. D. Individuals do not skip any stage and always move from one to another sequentially.
C
150. When Samantha's father passed away, Ronnie got food for Samantha's family. The giving of food after the death of a loved one is an example of A. implementation intentions. B. extrinsic motivation. C. tangible assistance. D. emotional support.
C
156. Which of the following statements is true of the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior? A. The theory of planned behavior is a contradiction of the theory of planned action. B. The theory of reasoned action includes a person's perception of control, while the theory of planned behavior excludes it. C. The theory of reasoned action is an extension of the theory of planned behavior. D. The theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action require individuals to hold positive attitudes about a new behavior
C
159. According to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), once the body's all-out effort to combat stress fails and the stress persists, the individual moves into A. resistance-coping stage. B. irritability phase. C. exhaustion stage. D. alarm and mobilization stage
C
16. Identify a true statement about the different types of sensory functions. A. Functions related to touch and temperature are primarily processed by the cerebellum. B. Functions related to hearing usually involve the parietal lobes. C. Visual information is mainly processed in the occipital lobes. D. Sensory functions are handled by all parts of the brain except the cerebral cortex.
C
166. Which of the following statements is true of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) axis? A. When the brain detects a threat in the environment, it signals the adrenal gland. B. It regulates all but immune system responses. C. Under chronic stress, the HPA axis can remain activated over the long haul. D. The activity of the HPA axis is the same for all individuals.
C
169. Rosemary is interested in studying the relationships among emotion, the nervous system, and the immune system. Given these interests, she will probably want to pursue future study in the field of A. anatomy and physiology. B. cognitive psychology. C. psychoneuroimmunology. D. psychopharmacology
C
17. Michael, a famous musician, is designing a new apartment that will serve as both his residence and his recording studio. Since the music studio shares a wall with his bedroom, Michael wants to be sure that the recording studio is soundproof. This means that Michael wants to be sure that sound from the studio is well under his ________ while he is in his bedroom. A. minimum threshold B. difference threshold C. absolute threshold D. papillae
C
179. Which of the following is true about coping strategies? A. Emotion-focused coping is least beneficial in dealing with life's problems. B. Emotion-focused coping is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them. C. Problem-focused coping might involve coming up with goals and implementation intentions. D. Problem-focused coping entails responding to the stress that one is feeling—rather than confronting the root problem
C
33. The ________ is made up of axons of the ganglion cells, which carries visual information to the brain for further processing. A. fovea B. lens C. optic nerve D. iris
C
34. Jane was in a car accident, which caused severe damage to her head. As a result, Jane's vision was affected. Although her eyes are able to detect visual stimuli and form images on her retina, her brain is not receiving the visual information. This problem with Jane's vision is most likely due to improper functioning of the A. sclera. B. lens. C. optic nerve. D. blind spot
C
38. In the context of visual perception, ________ is the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells. A. perceptual integration B. parallel processing C. binding D. depth perception
C
42. The ________ is the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over. A. trichromatic theory B. apparent movement C. figure-ground relationship D. opponent-process theory
C
50. The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing is called A. linear perspective. B. the figure-ground principle. C. perceptual constancy. D. monocular constancy.
C
53. ________ is the perceptual experience of the frequency of a sound. A. Loudness B. Sound wave C. Pitch D. Amplitude
C
55. Which of the following is true of sensatory receptors? A. Sensory receptors send information to the environment, creating local electrical currents. B. Not all sensation begins with sensory receptors. C. Sensory receptors are the openings through which the brain and nervous system experience the world. D. Sensory receptors are specialized cells that are not selective
C
58. Identify the true statement about the pinna of the ear. A. It typically vibrates in response to sounds. B. It is responsible for separating the outer ear from the inner ear. C. It is funnel shaped and is the visible part of the ear. D. It is the last structure through which the sound enters the ear
C
63. Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift? A. It is the tendency to shift to a group that makes less risky decisions. B. It refers to a person's risk of losing his or her of personal identity when he or she becomes a part of a group. C. It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone. D. It refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.
C
68. Which of the following is true of majority and minority influence in a group? A. The minority in a group cannot win through informational pressure. B. The majority influences group decision making only through normative influence. C. The minority in a group cannot win through normative pressure. D. The majority influences group decision making only through informational influence
C
76. The ________ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do. A. self-serving bias B. stereotype threat C. false consensus effect D. fundamental attribution error
C
78. Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of A. cognitive dissonance. B. the self-fulfilling prophecy. C. the false consensus effect. D. groupthink.
C
80. Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of A. the false uniqueness effect. B. learned helplessness. C. the self-serving bias. D. the false consensus effect.
C
82. Which of the following statements is true of social comparison? A. Social comparison eliminates the ill effects of stereotype threat. B. Social comparison is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group. C. Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity. D. When engaging in social comparison, people try to act like others and lose their true identity
C
83. ________ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality. A. Fundamental attribution errors B. Self-serving biases C. Positive illusions D.self-deceptions
C
85. The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as A. peer review. B. peer recognition. C. social comparison. D. peripheral attribution.
C
87. ________ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world. A. Attributions B. Skills C. Attitudes D. Traits
C
89. When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce A. the fundamental attribution error. B. the self-serving bias. C. cognitive dissonance. D. stereotype threat.
C
93. Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory? A. Both theories suggest that attitude remains constant while behavior changes. B. Both theories suggest that when attitude changes, behavior changes too. C. Both theories suggest that behavior can change attitudes. D. Both theories suggest that individuals should change their behavior to fit their attitude
C
94. According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, what do individuals do to make inferences about their attitudes? A. They compare themselves to others. B. They ask a friend. C. They perceive their behavior. D. They assess their emotions
C
96. Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the A. norm of reciprocity. B. foot-in-the-door technique. C. central route to persuasion. D. peripheral route to persuasion
C
104. According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression? A. low levels of hostility B. low levels of neuroticism C. low levels of irritability D. low levels of conscientiousness
D
109. Melissa and John have been happily married for 30 years because they have ensured that they have no opportunities to fight. Both of them have jobs so they contribute proportionately to the household income, and they equally share all other responsibilities. Melissa and John's happy marriage can best be explained by the A. social contagion theory. B. social identity theory. C. elaboration likelihood model. D. social exchange theory.
D
110. From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when A. both persons have invested less in the relationship. B. one person is more committed to the relationship than the other person. C. one person has invested more in the relationship than the other person. D. there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.
D
111. Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction A. among men, but not among women. B. during the early but not later stages of a relationship. C. among women, but not among men. D. during both the early and later stages of a relationship
D
124. Which of the following statements is true of stress-management programs? A. Effective stress-management programs exclude cognitive-behavior therapy. B. Coping effectively with stress is essential for good mental health but extremely harmful for good physical health. C. Many organizations have become less motivated to help their workers cope with the stressful circumstances due to the cost of stress-management programs. D. Establishing healthy habits and evaluating and changing behaviors that interfere with good health help avoid the damaging effects of stress
D
128. A using substitute source of nicotine to quit smoking works by A. seeking professional help, including psychotherapy, medications, and a combination of both. B. supplying small amounts of nicotine to diminish the intensity of withdrawal. C. consuming large amounts of nicotine so that the body rejects it. D. using a different substance that tastes like nicotine
D
130. Twenty-year-old Lily has been smoking since she was 12 and wants to quit. While no method is foolproof, the most successful avenue for breaking the addiction involves A. behavioral strategies. B. therapy. C. nicotine replacement. D. using a combination of methods.
D
133. Which of the following is true about a sexually transmitted infection (STIs)? A. SITs are not contracted through oral-genital sex. B. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by viruses. C. Some STIs, such as genital herpes, are bacterial in origin. D. All sexually active people are at risk of contracting HIV and other STIs
D
135. Lawrence was just told by his doctor that his recent weight gain has placed him at risk for type II diabetes. Lawrence chooses to ignore his doctor's diagnosis. According to the stages of change model, Lawrence is at which of the following stages? A. contemplation B. preparation/determination C. action/willpower D. precontemplation
D
136. Your roommate has been engaging in risky sexual behavior all semester, yet she denies that anything is wrong. She is likely in the ________ stage of the stages of change model. A. termination B. contemplation C. preparation/determination D. precontemplation
D
139. Which of the following stages follows the action/willpower stage in the stages of change model? A. preparation/determination B. resolution C. resistance D. maintenance
D
146. Mia began a running routine to lose weight. After a year from starting the routine, she runs for the joy of running. Mia has A. become resistant to change. B. reached self-actualization. C. adapted to her weight problem. D. reached transcendence.
D
151. Your co-worker Christina was just laid off. You immediately inform her about a relevant job opening that you recently heard about. In the context of benefits of social support, you have tried to help Christina by offering A. affirmation. B. tangible assistance. C. emotional support. D. an important source of information.
D
155. Which of the following statements about optimism is FALSE? A. Optimists expect that good things are more likely and that bad things are less likely to occur in the future. B. Optimists generally are physically and mentally healthier than pessimists. C. Optimism is associated with how an individual explains the causes of life events. D. Optimism is something that you are born with, and it cannot be learned or cultivated
D
164. Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of the general adaptation syndrome? A. challenge, frustration, and exhaustion B. alarm, resistance, and challenge C. primary appraisal, alarm, secondary appraisal D. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
D
165. According to the general adaptation syndrome, serious, wear and tear takes a toll on the individual during the ________ stage. A. alarm B. resistance C. coping D. exhaustion
D
167. A key hormone shared by the central nervous system and the immune system is ________, which is produced in the hypothalamus and unites the stress and immune responses. A. testosterone B. estrogen C. oxytocin D. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D
171. Friedman and Rosenman labeled the behavior of the healthier group, who were typically relaxed and easygoing, A. the Type D behavior pattern. B. the Type X behavior pattern. C. the Type A behavior pattern. D. the Type B behavior pattern
D
175. Leslie, a first-grade teacher, recently received a pink-slip notice informing her that she would be laid off next year. She has had some time to think about how this change will impact her life, and now she is actively evaluating her resources and trying to come up with a "game plan." According to Lazarus's model, Leslie is now engaging in A. emotion-focused coping. B. social sharing. C. primary appraisal. D. secondary appraisal.
D
177. ________ entails responding to the stress that one is feeling without confronting the root problem. A. Relapse B. Contemplation C. Problem-focused coping D. Emotion-focused coping
D
22. You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it no longer bothers you or seems that loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of A. auditory adjustment. B. transduction. C. sensory deprivation. D. sensory adaptation
D
3. Samantha was injured in a skiing accident, and she lost her sense of hearing. The doctor who operated on her injuries stated that the hair cells in Samantha's ears were damaged. In order to help Samantha detect sound again, the doctor should suggest A. a hair transplant. B. subliminal perception. C. proprioceptive feedback. D. a cochlear implant
D
32. The tiny area in the center of the retina that contains only cones is called the A. cornea. B. optic nerve. C. chiasm. D. fovea.
D
37. The purpose of parallel processing is to A. use binocular cues to perceive depth. B. prevent the misinterpretation of colors. C. allow rods and cones to function simultaneously. D. allow sensory information to travel rapidly through the brain
D
39. Mrs. Johnson's third grade class is creating a model of their school grounds. Each group of students is responsible for different aspects of the model. Some are cutting cardboard, some are painting, and some are making miniature figurines out of Play-Doh. Eventually, Mrs. Johnson will combine all these elements into a finished product. Which of the following visual processes in the brain is this scenario most analogous to? A. feature detection B. subliminal perception C. transduction D. binding
D
4. Place theory states that A. in vision, color perception occurs because of different types of cones. B. in hearing, a cluster of neurons "volley" neural impulses in rapid succession. C. in vision, depth perception occurs because of a combination of binocular and monocular cues. D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.
D
47. The perception that a stationary object is moving is known as ________. A. depth perception. B. real movement. C. convergence. D. apparent movement.
D
49. Mrs. Robinson shows her students different fruits every day. At the end of the month, she tests the children by showing them pictures of the same fruits to see if the children are able to recognize them. The children are able to accurately recall the names of all the fruits. Which of the following processes is specifically involved in the children's successful recall? A. forward processing 8 B. backward processing C. bottom-up processing D. top-down processing
D
51. When a person reads a book, the black ink of the words on the white pages looks the same, regardless of the place, time, and lighting in the room. This best demonstrates the phenomenon of A. closure. B. proximity. C. shape constancy. D. color constancy.
D
52. A door is still perceived as a rectangle even after we view it from different angles. This is due to A. linear constancy. B. retinal disparity. C. depth cues. D. shape constancy
D
57. The primary function of the ________ is to collect sounds and channel them into the interior of the ear. A. cilia B. basilar membrane C. cochlea D. pinna
D
61. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts? A. the butterfly effect B. cognitive dissonance theory C. self-serving bias D. self-fulfilling prophecy
D
67. Self-fulfilling prophecy A. shows that aspects of the environment prime us to behave aggressively. B. is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction. C. examines the characteristics of cultures that are associated with the emergence of altruism and with the belief that everyone deserves fair treatment. D. effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.
D
73. Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called A. unstable attributions. B. external attributions. C. stable attributions. D. internal attribution
D
81. In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the A. attributor. B. mediator. C. influencer. D. observer
D
84. Individuals who have positive illusions about the self A. display self-views that are rooted in reality. B. are psychologically less healthy. C. are judged less positively by others. D. tend to show high levels of psychological well-being.
D
86. Festinger's social comparison theory A. examines potentially altruistic behavior. B. suggests that aspects of the environment may prime us to behave aggressively. C. identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route. D. provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves
D
9. Which of the following is true of the sense of touch? A. The brain devotes more space to analyzing touch signals coming from the legs than from the hands. B. Our sensitivity to touch is equally good across all areas of the skin. C. Human toolmakers need much less touch discrimination in their hands. D. In touch we detect mechanical energy, or pressure against the skin.
D
90. Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals A. change attitudes in order to be more popular. B. do not perceive a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior. C. change behavior in order to be more popular. D. try to align their attitudes and behavior.
D
91. Hugh bought a new calculator at Staples for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from Walmart showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said to himself, "I'm glad I got my calculator at Staples; the ones at Walmart are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects A. peripheral-route processing. B. self-perception bias. C. informational influence. D. cognitive dissonance reduction
D
92. According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by A. moving on to a different task. B. consulting others. C. ignoring the conflict. D. changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.
D
97. John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. Even though you don't read magazines, you agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of A. the door-in-the-face technique. B. social loafing. C. the bystander effect. D. the foot-in-the-door technique.
D
