Psychology Exam Review

The independent variable in an experiment is the variable that is?

Manipulated and is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome

Halima still feels like the behavior of eating the cat was wrong. Halima is experiencing?

Moral Dumbfounding

According to evolutionary theory, females put __________ investment in their offspring than males because females ______________ ?

More; are obligated to invest more in their offspring than males

Sandra thinks that smiling a lot during a job interview increases a person's chances of getting a job offer. The main difference between Sandra's folk theory and social psychology theories is that social psychological theories are _______________ ?

Put to the test

Which of the following is NOT one of the four horseman in a toxic relationship?

Rationalizing

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the finding from research on culture and social perception?

Relative to Americans, Japanese are the most attentive to background elements of visual scenes.

We often rely on the ____________ heuristic, which entails figuring out he degree to which ________________ ?

Representativeness; someone is similar to category prototype

As per the textbook, all of these factors can decrease the accuracy pf secondhand information EXCEPT?

Base-rate information

According to the study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions, one would expect ________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome?

Susan, because she is second

Which example best shows how schemas can be self-fulfilling prophecies?

Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually lead those children to perform better

__________ holds that people are motivated to view themselves in a favorable light and that they do so through reflection and social comparison.

The self-ecalueation maintenance model

Two months after dismissing a talk on the radio about sun exposure, you remember reading something about how the sun actually does not cause skin cancer. This process evident that ____________ has influenced your attitude?

The sleeper effect

The classic Milgram obedience study shows that ________ delivered the maximum shock to the learner?

60%

The main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to?

A more powerful person

The ______________ component of an attitude consists of the degree to which the person likes or dislikes the attitude object?

Affective

The $1 and $20 Experiment showed?

After telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment

According to the textbook, the self-serving bias can reflect?

All of the above (motivation to feel good about oneself, rational thought process, and sound attritional reasoning)

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of proximity?

Andrea and Taylor are in many of the same required classes together

Which of the following questions emphasized the component called source characteristics?

Are people more likely to buy brand aspirin that is recommended by the American Medial Association?

According to the ________, the store manager should feel ___________ confident that Jim's behavior is a clear reflection of his true self?

Argumentation principle; more

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants attitudes, they?

Ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extend to which they agree with a particular statement

Attitudes to a better job predicting behavior when?

Attitudes and behaviors are measured at the same levels of specificity

Harry prefers to do things by himself and solve his own problems, What is Harry's attachment style?

Avoidant

Which is supported by research?

Behavior predicts attitudes better than attitudes predict behavior

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspectives on emotions?

Both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

_____________ is the rule and _________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned?

Complimentary; Similarity

You and Flora will soon take a difficult test. Your hearts race and palms sweat. You interpret this to mean the test is scary. Flora thinks it means the test is an exciting challenge. You and Flora have different _______________ ?

Construals

According to Dan Gilbert and his research on the attributional process, in an early stage the observer makes _____________ that are _____________. The subsequent adjustment stage entails making ______________ that are ______________?

Dispositional inferences; automatic; situational inferences; conscious

According to social comparison theory, Barbara appears to have engaged in?

Downward comparison

Jim has been trying to lose weight and spent all day ignoring the entire bowl of candy bars on his coworker's desk. When Jim gets home that evening, he feels exhausted and eats an entire container of ice cream. According to researcher, Jim is probably experiencing?

Ego Depletion

When random sampling is used, it means that?

Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

All of the following are examples of resources used in archival research EXCEPT?

Firsthand observations of behavior

According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, which piece of information increases the odds women will respond to his ad?

His high income

Three dimensions of explanatory style

Internal vs External. Stable vs Unstable. Global vs Specific. (Study Chart)

Explain how pluralistic ignorance apples in a robbery?

John will not speak up even though he thinks the robbing the bank is a bad idea or is wrong. this is due to pluralistic ignorance which says because no one else has said anything against it, they met all be okay with it and John is the odd one out. Normally, however, other members probably feel the same way John does.

According to reactance theory?

Juliet will become even more committed to Romeo

Self-schemas are?

Knowledge-based summaries of our beliefs and feelings about the self in particular domains.

Researcher asked students to list about their love life. Nine months later, the researchers asked the students about the status of their relationships. What did they find?

Listing reasons decreased how well overall evaluations predicted relationship status`

Which of the following is the best example of observational research?

Living with a group of people and observing their behavior

The result from the study of pin point light moving suggest that people?

Often change their own judgments in accordance with other' judgments.

An important difference unconscious processes and controlled processes is that unconscious processes _______________ ?

Operate in parallel

Which hormone does the textbook identify as promoting closeness and trust?

Oxytocin

Seemingly trivial aspects of a situation can influence behavior in ways that people are not aware of. For example, researcher showed that _____________ ?

People walk slower after seeing words related to the elderly compared to unrelated words.

It is very common for magazines to conduct surveys in which readers voluntarily full out survey cards and mail the cards to the publisher. The main problem with conducting a survey in the manner is that?

People who respond to the survey are likely to be different from those who do not respond

Which effect will the use of subliminal advertising like have on product sales?

Sales will not be affected

Members of the As an cultures and lower social classes are more likely to make __________ attributions, whereas members of Western cultures are more likely to make ____________ attributions?

Situational; Dispositional

Define social psychology and explain how it differs from personality and psychology?

Social psychology is the study of though, feelings, and behaviors in a social situation, whereas personality psychology examines an individuals reaction in a situation. So social psychology is a study of the whole interaction especially in groups, while personality is more focused on the individual.

In 1992, Ross Perot asked voters, "should the president have the line0item veto to eliminate waste?" 97% said "yes." however, only 57% agreed when the question was asked in more neutral terms: "Should the president have the line item veto or not?" This example best illustrates?

Spin Framing

.You are designing an antismoking pamphlet. You add a frightening photo of lung-cancer. Accordion got Leventhal, your message will be more like to reduce smoking if you also provide?

Suggestions for how to quit smoking

A commercial which tells viewers they will receive extra in they call within the next thirty minutes demonstrates the __________ technique?

That's-not-all

Choose ONE of the following ideas and briefly explain it and give one example: (a) sociometer theory, or (b) the born to rebel hypotheses.

The born to rebel hypothesis states how birth order can affect a persons dispositions. The older child tends to be more leadership oriented, while the younger is more rebellious (goes against the expected) so that he or she can find a niche in society. One example is of Prince Charles and his younger brother. Charles is the oldest and is in leadership over the British. His younger brother appears in magazines as a partier or frat boy. This is just his way of finding his inch in society and not being overshadowed by his older brother.

Kurt Lewis concept, the field of forces, emphasized that ___________ underlies much of human behavior?

The characteristics of the situation

Based on what we have discussed in class, which of the following about the media is true?

The media has a surprisingly weak influence on attitudes

Which of the following scatterplot graphs displays the highest degree of relationship between variables?

The most linear one

According to construal level theory, if you imagine working on your thesis in graduate school several years in the future you are more likely to be thinking about?

The overall goal of how your thesis will help you finish graduate school

Recall that Dweck and her colleagues aimed to understand why boys and girls tend to explain their failures differently. To this end, they concluded an experiment that manipulated ____________. Researchers showed that ___________ ?

The type of feedback the students received in class; comments teachers typically give to girls led to internal attribution for failure

Which of the following is the best example of a positively framed statement?

This brand of condom has a 75% success rate

Which aspect o your trip will have the SMALLEST impact on how much fun you will remember having?

Today you were able to spend much longer than usual at the beach

When is the "better=than-average" effect most likely to occur?

When people assess their abilities on ambiguous traits that can be construed in different ways

Which of the following is an example of informational social influence?

You are trying to decide between tow restaurant. Lots of people are eating at one so you decide it must be better

Which of the following reactions illustrates the concept of attitude inoculation?

You read a weak, negative review, then criticism the reviewer as uninformed. Later you read a strong negative review, but still defend your view

According to the contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem, a persons self-evaluations?

depend of success and failure in carious life domains

An experiment that is set in the real words , and in which the participants themselves are usually unaware tat they are participating in a research study, is usually described as a?

field experiment

In support of the argument that _____________ influences compliance, results revealed that _______________?

guild; people gave money before confession

All of the following statements about emotions are accurate, EXCEPT that emotions?

last for hours or even days

According to research, shame is more of a focal emotion for ____________ than for ___________ ?

members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures

Having prior knowledge about a situation can influence how we construe ambitious situations. This is a result of?

top-down processing